Improvements over OLS (Forward Stepwise, Ridge, Lasso and LARS forms of Regression)

1) When the targets are real numbers, the problem is called a “regression problem”.
2) “Linear regression” implies using a linear method to solve a “regression problem”.

1. What Are Penalized Regression Methods?

Penalized linear regression is a derivative of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression— a method developed by Gauss and Legendre roughly 200 years ago. Penalized linear regression methods were designed to overcome some basic limitations of OLS regression. The basic problem with OLS is that sometimes it overfits the problem. Think of OLS as fitting a line through a group of points. This is a simple prediction problem: predicting y, the target value given a single attribute x. For example, the problem might be to predict men's salaries using only their heights. Height is slightly predictive of salaries for men (but not for women).




Suppose that the data set had only two points in it. Imagine that there's a population of points, like the ones in Figure 1-1, but that you do not get to see all the points. Maybe they are too expensive to generate, like genetic data. There are enough humans available to isolate the gene that is the culprit; the problem is that you do not have gene sequences for many of them because of cost.
To simulate this in the simple example, imagine that instead of six points you're given only two of the six points. How would that change the nature of the line fit to those points? It would depend on which two points you happened to get. To see how much effect that would have, pick any two points from Figure 1-1 and imagine a line through them. Figure 1-2 shows some of the possible lines through pairs of points from Figure 1-1. Notice how much the lines vary depending on the choice of points.




The problem with having only two points to fit a line is that there is not enough data for the number of degrees of freedom. A line has two degrees of freedom. Having two degrees of freedom means that there are two independent parameters that uniquely determine a line. You can imagine grabbing hold of a line in the plane and sliding it up and down in the plane or twisting it to change its slope. So, vertical position and slope are independent. They can be changed separately, and together they completely specify a line. The degrees of freedom of a line can be expressed in several equivalent ways (where it intercepts the y‐axis and its slope, two points that are on the line, and so on). All of these representations of a line require two parameters to specify. 

When the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of points, the predictions are not very good. The lines hit the points used to draw them, but there is a lot of variation among lines drawn with different pairs of points. You cannot place much faith in a prediction that has as many degrees of freedom as the number of points in your data set.

Solution:
Penalized linear regression provides a way to systematically reduce degrees of freedom to match the amount of data available and the complexity of the underlying phenomena. These methods have become very popular for problems with very many degrees of freedom. They are a favorite for genetic problems where the number of degrees of freedom (that is, the number of genes) can be several tens of thousands and for problems like text classification where the number of degrees of freedom can be more than a million.

2. What’s in a name?

Attributes and labels go by a variety of names, and new machine learners can get tripped up by the name switching from one author to another or even one paragraph to another from a single author.

Attributes (the variables being used to make predictions) are also known as the following:

■ Predictors
■ Features
■ Independent variables
■ Inputs

Labels are also known as the following:

■ Outcomes
■ Targets
■ Dependent variables
■ Responses

3. Linear Regression in Mathematical Equations

Following is an m-by-n matrix.














4. Forward Stepwise Regression to Control Overfitting

# ‘Forward stepwise regression’ is an improvement over “best subset selection regression”.

Initialize: ColumnList = NULL
    Out-of-sample-error = NULL
    Break X and Y into test and training sets
  
  For number of column in X:
    For each trialColumn (column not in ColumnList):
      Build submatrix of X using ColumnList + trialColumn
      Train OLS on submatrix and store RSS Error on test data
  
    ColumnList.append(trialColumn that minimizes RSS Error)
    Out-of-sample-error.append(minimum RSS Error)

RSS: Residual sum of squares.




5. Control Overfitting by Penalizing Regression Coefficients—Ridge Regression






The expression argmin means the “values of b0 and b that minimize the expression.” The resulting coefficients b0, b-star are the ordinary least squares solution. Best subset regression and forward stepwise regression throttle back ordinary regression by limiting the number of attributes used. That’s equivalent to imposing a constraint that some of the entries in the vector be equal to zero.
Another approach is called coefficient penalized regression. Coefficient penalized regression accomplishes the same thing by making all the coefficients smaller instead of making some of them zero. One version of coefficient penalized linear regression is called ridge regression. Equation 3-15 shows the problem formulation for ridge regression.







Ridge regression is available in scikit-learn.

6. Why Penalized Linear Regression Methods Are So Useful

Several properties make penalized linear regression methods outstandingly useful, including the following:

■ Extremely fast model training

■ Variable importance information

■ Extremely fast evaluation when deployed

■ Reliable performance on a wide variety of problems—particularly on attribute matrices that are not very tall compared to their width or that are sparse. Sparse solutions (that is, a more parsimonious model)

■ May require linear model

7. OLS and Lasso Regression in Using Equations












8. Forward Stepwise Regression Algorithm (for computing β)

■ Initialize all the β’s equal to zero.

At each step

■ Find residuals (errors) after using variables already chosen.

■ Determine which unused variable best explains residuals and add it to the mix.

~ ~ ~

The LARS algorithm is very similar. The main difference with LARS is that instead of unreservedly incorporating each new attribute, it only partially incorporates them.

9. Least Angle Regression Algorithm (for computing β)

■ Initialize all β’s to zero.

At Each Step
■ Determine which attribute has the largest correlation with the residuals.
■ Increment that variable’s coefficient by a small amount if the correlation is positive or decrement by a small amount if negative.






10. Practice Question

Ques: Tickets are being raised in a software such as Service Now. You have some tickets already logged and marked as 'VDI' or 'Others'. Now, for any incoming ticket, predict if it is VDI related or not using Linear Regression.

Ans.
We would convert our target column (VDI (Yes/No)) into two columns VDI-Y and VDI-N using One-hot encoding.

Value for VDI column: yes or no

   VDI-yes , VDI-no
Y    1         0
N    0         1 

Over here we know that VDI-Y can be infered as 1 if VDI-N is 0 and vice-versa.

When you would run regression for one of these two columns as target columns, we would get a value between 0 and 1.

For making prediction, we set a threshold, if my vdi-yes value is greater 0.5, I would assume it is a yes and predict that the incoming ticket in ServiceNow is about VDI.

DO NOT USE REGRESSION ALGORITHMS FOR CLASSIFICATION PROBLEM.
Tags: Artificial Intelligence,Machine Learning,Technology

Linear Regression (Theory)

1. PREFACE TO LINEAR REGRESSION

Linear regression falls under a class of Machine Learning problems generally referred to as “function approximation”.

Function approximation is a subset of problems that are called supervised learning problems. 

Linear regression also has a classifier cousin called logistic regression.

2. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression




Think of OLS as fitting a line through a group of points, as in Figure 1-1. This is a simple prediction problem: predicting y, the target value given a single attribute x. For example, the problem might be to predict men's salaries using only their heights. Height is slightly predictive of salaries for men (but not for women).

3. DEGREES OF FREEDOM

The points represent men's salaries versus their heights. The line in Figure 1-1 represents the OLS solution to this prediction problem. In some sense, the line is the best predictive model for men's salaries given their heights. The data set has six points in it. Suppose that the data set had only two points in it. Imagine that there's a population of points, like the ones in Figure 1-1, but that you do not get to see all the points. Maybe they are too expensive to generate.
To simulate this in the simple example, imagine that instead of six points you're given only two of the six points. How would that change the nature of the line fit to those points? It would depend on which two points you happened to get. To see how much effect that would have, pick any two points from Figure 1-1 and imagine a line through them. Figure 1-2 shows some of the possible lines through pairs of points from Figure 1-1. Notice how much the lines vary depending on the choice of points.




The problem with having only two points to fit a line is that there is not enough data for the number of degrees of freedom. A line has two degrees of freedom. Having two degrees of freedom means that there are two independent parameters that uniquely determine a line. You can imagine grabbing hold of a line in the plane and sliding it up and down in the plane or twisting it to change its slope. So, vertical position and slope are independent. They can be changed separately, and together they completely specify a line. The degrees of freedom of a line can be expressed in several equivalent ways (where it intercepts the y‐axis and its slope, two points that are on the line, and so on). All of these representations of a line require two parameters to specify. 

When the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of points, the predictions are not very good. The lines hit the points used to draw them, but there is a lot of variation among lines drawn with different pairs of points. You cannot place much faith in a prediction that has as many degrees of freedom as the number of points in your data set. The plot in Figure 1-1 had six points and fit a line (two degrees of freedom) through them. That is six points and two degrees of freedom.

4. REGRESSION:

Regression is the task of learning a target function ‘f’ that maps each attribute set x into a continuous-valued output y.

5. ERROR FUNCTION:

Individual Error Term:



Mapping errors on the graph



The goal of regression is to find a target function that can fit the input data with minimum error. The error function for a regression task can be expressed in terms of the sum of absolute or squared error:









We are only showing d(E)/d(w0) here:

Let “a” is equal to: yi – (w1).xi
E = sum((a – w0)^2)
E = sum(a^2 + (w0)^2 – 2(a)(w0))
d(E)/d(w0) = sum(0 + 2(w0) – 2a)
RHS = sum(-2 . (a - w0))

Putting back the values of ‘a’:
RHS = sum(-2 . (yi – (w1).xi – w0))








8. SCATTER PLOT FOR OUR DATA




9. SOLVING THE PROBLEM







10. LINER – CONDITIONS THAT SHOULD BE MET BY THE DATASET BEFORE WE USE LINEAR REGRESSION ON IT

Ref: Khan Academy



11. LINER (From Transcript)

L: Linear

The condition is that the actual relationship in the population between your x and y variables actually is a linear relationship. 

Now, in a lot of cases you might just have to assume that this is going to be the case when you see it on an exam, like an AP exam, for example. They might say, hey assume this condition is met. Oftentimes, it'll say assume of these conditions are met. They just want you to maybe know about these conditions. 

But this is something to think about. If the underlying relationship is nonlinear, well, then maybe some of your inferences might not be as robust. 

I: Independence

Now, the next one is one we have seen before when we're talking about general conditions for inference, and this is the independence, independence condition And there's a couple of ways to think about it. Either individual observations are independent of each other. So you could be sampling with replacement. 

Or you could be thinking about your 10% rule.
The size of our sample is no more than 10% of the size of the population. 
Similar to independence condition for proportions and for means.

N: Normal Condition

Arithmetic Mean


Standard Deviation


Normal Distribution


Now, the next one is the normal condition.
Although it means something a little bit more sophisticated when we're dealing with a regression. 
The normal condition, and, once again many times people just say assume it's been met. 

But let me actually draw a regression line, but do it with a little perspective, and I'm gonna add a third dimension.
Let's say that's the x-axis, and let's say this is the y-axis. And the true population regression line looks like this. And so the normal condition tells us that for any given x in the true population, the distribution of y's that you would expect is normal, is normal So let me see if I can draw a normal distribution for the y's given that x. So that would be that normal distribution there. 
And then let's say for this x right over here, you would expect a normal distribution as well so just like, just like this. So if we're given x, the distribution of y's should be normal. 

Once again many times you'll just be told to assume that that has been met because it might, at least in an introductory statistics class be a little bit hard to figure this out on your own. 

E: Equal Variance

And that's just saying that each of these normal distributions (for y) should have the same spread for a given x. 
And so you could say equal variance or you could even think about them having the equal standard deviation. 
So, for example, if, for a given x, let's say for this x, all of sudden you had a much lower variance, made it look like this, then you would no longer meet your conditions for inference. 

R: Random Condition

This condition is that the data comes from a well-designed random sample or some type of randomized experiment And this condition we have seen in every type of condition for inference that we have looked at so far. So I'll leave you there. It's good to know It will show up on some exams. But many times, when it comes to problem solving, in an introductory statistics class, they will tell you, hey just assume the conditions for inference have been met. Or what are the conditions for inference? But they're not going to actually make you prove, for example the normal or the equal variance condition. That might be a bit much for an introductory statistics class.  

12. Practice Question
Ques 1: Can we solve this "y = (x^m)c" equation with linear regression?

Ans 1:
Equation of line: y = mx + c

Log(y) = log((x^m)c)

Log(y) = log(x^m) + log(c)


Log(y) = m.log(x) + log(c)

Y = log(y)
X = log(x)
C = log(c)

Y = mX + C
So answer is 'yes'.

Ques 2: What does the term “Linear” mean in phrase “Linear Regression”?

Ans 2: 
The model we are going to use is “Linear” in nature and we are assuming a linear relationship between dependent attributes and independent attributes.
And, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable and one or more real-valued independent variables.

Ques 3: What is 'y-intercept'?
Ans 3:

Tags: Technology,Artificial Intelligence,Data Visualization,Machine Learning,

Alprax 0.25 (Alprazolam for Anxiety and Panic Disorder)

Alprax 0.25 Tablet
Prescription: Required
Manufacturer: Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Alprazolam (0.25mg)
Storage: Store below 30°C

Introduction

Alprax 0.25 Tablet belongs to a class of medicines known as benzodiazepines. It is used to treat anxiety. It alters brain activity, calms it, and provides relief from panic attacks by relaxing the nerves.

Alprax 0.25 Tablet may be taken with or without food. However, it is advised to take it at the same time each day as this helps to maintain a consistent level of medicine in the body. Take this medicine in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor as it has a high potential of habit-forming. If you have missed a dose, take it as soon as you remember it and finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better. This medication mustn't be stopped suddenly without talking to the doctor as it may cause nausea and anxiety.

The most common side effect of this medicine is lightheadedness. It may cause dizziness and sleepiness, so do not drive or do anything that requires mental focus until you know how this medicine affects you.

It may also cause weight gain or weight loss as it can vary from person to person. To prevent weight gain you can eat a healthy balanced diet, avoid snacking with high-calorie foods, and exercise regularly. Weight loss can be managed by increasing food portions and consulting a dietitian. If you have been taking this medicine for a long time then regular monitoring of blood and liver functions may be required.

Uses of Alprax Tablet

- Anxiety
- Panic disorder

Benefits of Alprax Tablet

In Anxiety

Alprax 0.25 Tablet reduces the symptoms of excessive anxiety and worry. It can also reduce feelings of restlessness, tiredness, difficulty concentrating, and feeling irritable. It will therefore help you go about your daily activities more easily and be more productive. Keep taking this medicine even if you feel well. Stopping it suddenly can cause serious problems. So, do not stop taking it without discussing it with your doctor.

In Panic disorder

Alprax 0.25 Tablet can help relieve symptoms of many panic disorders including panic attacks. It can help you feel calmer and improve your ability to deal with problems. Do not stop taking it, even when you feel better unless your doctor advises you to.

Side effects of Alprax Tablet

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.

Common side effects of Alprax:

1. Lightheadedness
2. Drowsiness

How Alprax Tablet works

Alprax 0.25 Tablet is a benzodiazepine. It works by increasing the action of a chemical messenger (GABA) which suppresses the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells in the brain.

Quick tips

1. The addiction / habit-forming potential of this medicine is very high. Take it only as per the dose and duration advised by your doctor.

2. It may cause dizziness. Do not drive or do anything that requires mental focus until you know how this medicine affects you.

3. Avoid consuming alcohol as it may increase dizziness and drowsiness.

4. Inform your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to conceive or breastfeeding.

5. Do not stop taking medication suddenly without talking to your doctor as that may lead to nausea, anxiety, agitation, flu-like symptoms, sweating, tremor, and confusion.

Fact Box

Chemical Class: Benzodiazepines Derivative
Habit Forming: Yes
Therapeutic Class: NEURO CNS
Action Class: Benzodiazepines

Tags: Behavioral Science, Emotional Intelligence, Medicine, Psychology, Science

Word Meanings (Beginner's Day 1)

Index of Word Meanings

1.

get
/ɡɛt/
Learn to pronounce
verb
verb: get; 3rd person present: gets; past tense: got; past participle: got; past participle: gotten; gerund or present participle: getting

    1.
    come to have (something); receive.
    "I got a letter from him the other day"
    h
    Similar:
    acquire

obtain
come by
come to have
come into possession of
receive
gain
earn
win
come into
come in for
take possession of
take receipt of
be given
buy
purchase
procure
possess oneself of
secure
gather
collect
pick up
appropriate
amass
build up
hook
net
land
achieve
attain
get one's hands on
get one's mitts on
get hold of
grab
bag
score
swing
nab
collar
cop
be sent
be in receipt of
accept delivery of
retrieve
regain (possession of)
win back
recover
take back
recoup
reclaim
repossess
recapture
retake
redeem
find (again)
track down
trace
claw back
replevin
replevy
h
Opposite:
give
send
lose

    experience, suffer, or be afflicted with (something bad).
    "I got a sudden pain in my left eye"
    h
    Similar:
    experience

suffer
be afflicted with
undergo
sustain
feel
have
receive as a punishment or penalty.
"I'll get the sack if things go wrong"
contract (a disease or ailment).
"I might be getting the flu"
h
Similar:
succumb to
develop
go/come down with
sicken for
fall victim to
be struck down with
be stricken with
be afflicted by/with
be smitten by/with
become infected with/by
catch
contract
become ill/sick with
fall ill/sick with
be taken ill with
show symptoms of
go down with
take ill with

    take sick with

2.
succeed in attaining, achieving, or experiencing; obtain.
"I need all the sleep I can get"

    move in order to pick up or bring (something); fetch.
    "get another chair"
    h
    Similar:
    fetch

collect
go for
call for
pick up
bring
carry
deliver
convey
ferry
transport
escort
conduct
lead
usher
h
Opposite:
take
leave
prepare (a meal).
"Celia went to the kitchen to start getting their dinner"
h
Similar:
prepare
get ready
cook
make
put together
assemble
muster
dish up
concoct
fix
rustle up
knock up
tend to meet with or find in a specified place or situation.
"for someone used to the tiny creatures we get in England it was something of a shock"
travel by or catch (a bus, train, or other form of transport).
"I got a taxi across to Baker Street"
h
Similar:
travel by/on/in
journey by/on/in
take
catch
use
make use of
utilize
obtain (a figure or answer) as a result of calculation.
make contact with, especially by phone.
"you can get me at home if you need me"

Similar:
contact
get in touch with
communicate with
make contact with
reach
be in communication with
phone
call
radio
speak to
talk to
get on to
ring up

    get hold of
    respond to a ring of (a telephone or doorbell).
    "I'll get the door!"
    informal
    used to draw attention to someone whom one regards as pretentious or vain.
    "get her!"

3.
reach or cause to reach a specified state or condition.
"he'd got thinner"

Similar:
become
grow
turn
go
come to be
get to be
wax

    used with past participle to form the passive mood.
    "the cat got drowned"
    cause to be treated in a specified way.
    "get the form signed by a doctor"
    induce or prevail upon (someone) to do something.
    "they got her to sign the consent form"

    Similar:
    persuade

induce
prevail on
influence
talk round
wheedle into
talk into
cajole into
inveigle into
win over
bring around
sway
have the opportunity to do.
"he got to try out a few of these nice new cars"

Similar:
contrive
arrange
find a way
engineer a way
manage
succeed in
organize
work it
fix it

    compass
    begin to be or do something, especially gradually or by chance.
    "we got talking one evening"

4.
come, go, or make progress eventually or with some difficulty.
"Nigel got home very late"

Similar:
arrive
reach
come
make it
turn up
appear
put in an appearance
make an appearance
come on the scene
come up
approach
enter
present oneself
be along
come along
materialize
show up
show
roll in
roll up
blow in
show one's face
return
come home
come back
arrive home
arrive back
come again

Opposite:
set out

    move or come into a specified position, situation, or state.
    "she got into the car"

    Similar:
    become

grow
turn
go
come to be
get to be

    wax
    succeed in making (someone or something) come, go, or move somewhere.
    "she had to get them away from the rocks"
    informal•North American
    reach a specified point or stage.
    "it's getting so I can't even think"

5.
see have.
6.
catch or apprehend (someone).
"the police have got him"

Similar:
apprehend
catch
arrest
capture
seize
take
take prisoner
take captive
take into custody
detain
put in jail
throw in jail
put behind bars
imprison
incarcerate
collar
grab
nab
nail
run in
bust
pick up
pull in
haul in
do
feel someone's collar
pinch
nick

    strike or wound (someone) with a blow or missile.
    "you got me in the eye!"
    informal
    punish, injure, or kill (someone), especially as retribution.
    "I'll get you for this!"

    Similar:
    take revenge on

be revenged on
exact/wreak revenge on
get one's revenge on
avenge oneself on
take vengeance on
get even with
settle a/the score with
pay back
pay out
retaliate on/against
get back at
take reprisals against
exact retribution on
give/return like for like
give tit for tat
give someone their comeuppance
get one's own back on

informal
be punished, injured, or killed.
"wait until dad comes home, then you'll get it!"

informal
be appropriately punished or rewarded.
"I'll get mine, you'll get yours, we'll all get wealthy"

Similar:
receive
be sent
be in receipt of
accept delivery of
be given

Opposite:
send
informal
annoy (someone) greatly.
"cleaning the same things all the time, that's what gets me"

Similar:
annoy
irritate
exasperate
anger
irk
vex
inflame
put out
nettle
needle
provoke
incense
infuriate
madden
rub up the wrong way
try someone's patience
make someone's blood boil
ruffle someone's feathers
make someone's hackles rise
get someone's hackles up
rattle someone's cage
aggravate
peeve
miff
rile
get to
hack off
get someone's back up
get on someone's nerves
get under someone's skin
get someone's goat
get someone's dander up
get in someone's hair
be a thorn in someone's flesh
drive mad
drive crazy
drive nuts
make someone see red
wind up
nark
get across
get someone's wick
give someone the hump
get up someone's nose
tee off
tick off
eat
burn up

vulgar slang
piss off
get on someone's tits
baffle (someone).
"she had got me there: I could not answer"

Similar:
baffle
nonplus
perplex
puzzle
bewilder
mystify
bemuse
confuse
confound
disconcert
throw
set someone thinking
flummox
discombobulate
faze
stump
beat
fox
floor
fog
wilder
gravel
maze
cause to be at a stand

    pose

7.
informal
understand (an argument or the person making it).
"What do you mean? I don't get it"
h
Similar:
hear
recognize
discern
distinguish
make out
pick out
perceive
follow
keep up with
take in
understand
comprehend
grasp
see
fathom
puzzle out
work out
apprehend
get to the bottom of
unravel
decipher
get the drift of
catch on to
latch on to
make head or tail of
figure out
get the picture
get the message
twig
suss out

    suss
    8.
    archaic
    acquire (knowledge) by study; learn.
    "that knowledge which is gotten at school"

noun
noun: get; plural noun: gets

    1.
    dated
    an animal's offspring.
    2.
    informal•dialect
    a person whom the speaker dislikes or despises.
    
- - -

2.

author
/ˈɔːθə/
Learn to pronounce
noun
noun: author; plural noun: authors

    a writer of a book, article, or document.
    "he is the author of several books on the subject"
    h
    Similar:
    writer

man/woman of letters
wordsmith
novelist
dramatist
playwright
screenwriter
scriptwriter
poet
essayist
biographer
journalist
columnist
reporter
correspondent
librettist
lyricist
songwriter
littérateur
penman
penwoman
scribe
scribbler
pen-pusher

    someone who writes books as a profession.
    the writings produced by a particular author.
    "I had to read authors I disliked"
    an originator of a plan or idea.
    "the authors of the peace plan"
    h
    Similar:
    originator

creator
initiator
instigator
founder
father
prime mover
architect
engineer
designer
deviser
planner
inventor
maker
producer
cause
agent

        begetter

verb
verb: author; 3rd person present: authors; past tense: authored; past participle: authored; gerund or present participle: authoring

    be the author of (a book or piece of writing).
    "she has authored several articles on wildlife"
        be the originator of.
        "the concept has been authored largely by insurance companies"
        
- - -

3.

rule
/ruːl/
Learn to pronounce
Filter definitions by topic
See definitions in:
all
christian
carpentry
printing
astrology
law
commerce
noun
plural noun: rules; noun: Rules

    1.
    one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct or procedure within a particular area of activity.
    "the rules of cricket"
    h
    Similar:
    regulation

ruling
directive
order
court order
act
law
by-law
statute
edict
canon
ordinance
pronouncement
mandate
command
dictate
dictum
decree
fiat
proclamation
injunction
commandment
prescription
stipulation
requirement
precept
guideline
direction
ukase
pronunciamento

    a principle that operates within a particular sphere of knowledge, describing or prescribing what is possible or allowable.
    "the rules of grammar"
    h
    Similar:
    precept

principle
standard
axiom
truth
truism
maxim

    aphorism
    a code of practice and discipline for a religious order or community.
    "the Rule of St Benedict"

2.
control of or dominion over an area or people.
"the revolution brought an end to British rule"

Similar:
control
jurisdiction
command
power
sway
dominion
government
administration
sovereignty
leadership
ascendancy
supremacy
authority
direction
mastery
hegemony
regime
influence
raj
regiment

3.
the normal or customary state of things.
"such accidents are the exception rather than the rule"

Similar:
procedure
practice
protocol
convention
standard
norm
form
routine
custom
habit
wont

    praxis
    4.
    a strip of wood or other rigid material used for measuring length or marking straight lines; a ruler.
        a thin printed line or dash.
    5.
    Australian
    short for Australian Rules.

verb
3rd person present: rules

    1.
    exercise ultimate power or authority over (an area and its people).
    "the region today is ruled by elected politicians"

    Similar:
    govern

preside over
control
have control of
be in control of
lead
be the leader of
dominate
run
head
direct
administer
manage
regulate
sway
be in power
be in control
hold sway
be in authority
be in command
be in charge
be at the helm
reign
sit on the throne
wear the crown
wield the sceptre
be monarch
be sovereign

    (of a feeling) have a powerful and restricting influence on.
    "her whole life seemed to be ruled by fear"
    be a dominant or powerful factor.
    "the black market rules supreme"
    h
    Similar:
    prevail

obtain
be the order of the day
predominate
hold sway

    be supreme
    informal
    be very good or the best.
    "Jackie tells me about Hanna's newest band, and says that it absolutely rules"
    Astrology
    (of a planet) have a particular influence over (a sign of the zodiac, house, etc.).
    "the tenth House, ruled by Saturn and associated with Capricorn"

2.
pronounce authoritatively and legally to be the case.
"an industrial tribunal ruled that he was unfairly dismissed from his job"

Similar:
decree
order
direct
pronounce
make a judgement
judge
adjudge
adjudicate
lay down
ordain
decide
find
determine
resolve
settle
establish
hold
asseverate
3.
make parallel lines across (paper).
"rule the pages horizontally and print the information within the rules."
4.
(of a price or a traded commodity with regard to its price) have a specified general level or strength.
"in the jutes section Indus and Pak Jute ruled firm"

- - -

4.

scroll
/skrəʊl/
Learn to pronounce
See definitions in:
all
architecture
art
heraldry
computing
noun
noun: scroll; plural noun: scrolls

    1.
    a roll of parchment or paper for writing on.
        an ancient book or document written on a scroll.
        an ornamental design or carving resembling a partly unrolled scroll of parchment, e.g. on the capital of a column, or at the end of a stringed instrument.
        Art•Heraldry
        a depiction of a narrow ribbon bearing a motto or inscription.
    2.
    the facility which moves a display on a computer screen in order to view new material.
    "if scroll is enabled, the window scrolls down"

verb
verb: scroll; 3rd person present: scrolls; past tense: scrolled; past participle: scrolled; gerund or present participle: scrolling

    1.
    move displayed text or graphics in a particular direction on a computer screen in order to view different parts of them.
    "she scrolled through her file"
        (of displayed text or graphics) move up, down, or across a computer screen.
        "the words of the story begin scrolling up the screen"
    2.
    cause to move like paper rolling or unrolling.
    "the wind scrolled back the uppermost layer of loose dust"

Origin

- - -

5.

up
/ʌp/
See definitions in:
all
university
transportation
sports
computing
physics
geography

adverb
adverb: up

    1.
    towards a higher place or position.
    "he jumped up"
        upstairs.
        "she made her way up to bed"
        (of the sun) visible after daybreak.
        "the sun was already up when they set off"
        expressing movement towards or position in the north.
        "he's driving up to Inverness to see the old man"
        to or at a place perceived as higher.
        "I'm going for a walk up to the shops"
        used as a command to a soldier or an animal to stand up and be ready to move or attack.
        exclamation: up
        "up, boys, and at 'em"
        (of food that has been eaten) regurgitated from the stomach.
        "I was ill and vomited up everything"
    2.
    at or to a higher level of intensity, volume, or activity.
    "she turned the volume up"
        at or to a higher price, value, or rank.
        "sales are up 22.8 per cent at $50.2 m"
        winning or at an advantage by a specified margin.
        "United were 3–1 up at half time"
    3.
    to the place where someone is.
    "Dot didn't hear Mrs Parvis come creeping up behind her"
    4.
    towards or in the capital or a major city.
    "give me a ring when you're up in London"
        British
        at or to a university, especially Oxford or Cambridge.
        "they were up at Cambridge about the same time"
    5.
    into the desired or a proper condition.
    "the government agreed to set up a committee of inquiry"
        so as to be finished or closed.
        "I've got a bit of paperwork to finish up"
    6.
    into a happy mood.
    "I don't think anything's going to cheer me up"
    7.
    out of bed.
    "Miranda hardly ever got up for breakfast"
    8.
    displayed on a noticeboard or other publicly visible site.
    "sticking up posters to advertise concerts"
    9.
    (of sailing) against the current or the wind.
    "the bow of the boat was brought slowly up into the wind and held there"
        (of a ship's helm) moved round to windward so that the rudder is to leeward.
    10.
    Baseball
    at bat.
    "every time up, he had a different stance"

preposition
preposition: up

    1.
    from a lower to a higher point of (something).
    "she climbed up a flight of steps"
        to a higher part of (a river or stream), away from the sea.
        "a cruise up the Rhine"
    2.
    along or further along (a street or road).
    "he lived up the road"
    3.
    informal
    at or to (a place).
    "we're going up the Palais"

adjective
adjective: up

    1.
    directed or moving towards a higher place or position.
    "the up escalator"
        relating to or denoting trains travelling towards the major point on a route.
        "the first up train"
    2.
    at an end.
    "his contract was up in three weeks"
    3.
    (of a road) being repaired.
    4.
    (of a computer system) functioning properly.
    "the system is now up"
    5.
    in a cheerful mood; ebullient.
    "the mood here is resolutely up"
    6.
    (of a jockey) in the saddle.
    7.
    Physics
    denoting a flavour (variety) of stable quark having relatively low mass and an electric charge of + 2/3. In the Standard Model protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks.

nouninformal
noun: up; plural noun: ups

    a period of good fortune or positive mood.
    "you can't have ups all the time in football"

verb
verb: up; 3rd person present: ups; past tense: upped; past participle: upped; gerund or present participle: upping

    1.
    informal
    do something unexpectedly.
    "she upped and left him"
    2.
    increase (a level or amount).
    "capacity will be upped by 70 per cent next year"
    3.
    lift (something) up.
    "everybody was cheering and upping their glasses"
        informal•West Indian
        raise or pick up (something).
        "this woman ups with a stone"

Phrases
be well up on
be well informed about. "they are well up on current environmental trends"
it is all up with
it is the end or there is no hope for.
get it up
(of a man) achieve an erection.

- - - 

6.

straight
/streɪt/
Learn to pronounce
See definitions in:
all
hairdressing
clothing
geometry
architecture
drink
theatre
racing
cards
sex · informal
alcoholic · informal
adjective
adjective: straight; comparative adjective: straighter; superlative adjective: straightest

    1.
    extending or moving uniformly in one direction only; without a curve or bend.
    "a long, straight road"
    h
    Similar:
    unswerving

undeviating
linear
direct
as straight as an arrow
uncurving
unbending
h
Opposite:
winding
zigzag

    (of hair) not curly or wavy.
    (of a garment) not flared or fitted closely to the body.
    "a straight skirt"
    (of an aim, blow, or course) going direct to the intended target.
    "a straight punch to the face"
    Geometry
    (of a line) lying on the shortest path between any two of its points.
    (of an arch) flat-topped.

2.
properly positioned so as to be level, upright, or symmetrical.
"he made sure his tie was straight"
h
Similar:
level
even
true
in line
aligned
square
plumb
properly positioned
symmetrical
vertical
upright
perpendicular
horizontal
h
Opposite:
crooked
askew

    in proper order or condition.
    "it'll take a long time to get the place straight"
    h
    Similar:
    in order

tidy
neat and tidy
neat
in apple-pie order
orderly
spick and span
organized
arranged
sorted out
straightened out
trim
spruce
together
h
Opposite:
untidy

    messy

3.
not evasive; honest.
"a straight answer"

Similar:
honest
direct
frank
candid
truthful
sincere
forthright
straightforward
plain-spoken
plain-speaking
plain
blunt
downright
outspoken
straight from the shoulder
no-nonsense
unequivocal
unambiguous
unqualified
unvarnished
upfront
round
free-spoken

Opposite:
indirect
evasive

    simple; straightforward.
    "a straight choice between nuclear power and penury"
    (of a look) bold and steady.
    "he gave her a straight, no-nonsense look"
    (of thinking) clear, logical, and unemotional.
    h
    Similar:
    logical

rational
clear
lucid
sound
coherent
unemotional
dispassionate

Opposite:
irrational

    illogical

4.
in continuous succession.
"he scored his fourth straight win"

Similar:
successive
in succession
consecutive
in a row
one after the other
running
uninterrupted
solid
unbroken
on the trot

5.
(of an alcoholic drink) undiluted; neat.
"straight brandy"

Similar:
undiluted
neat
unmixed
unadulterated
pure
unblended
uncut
straight up
h
Opposite:
diluted
6.
(especially of drama) serious as opposed to comic or musical.
"a straight play"
7.
informal
(of a person) conventional or respectable.
"she looked pretty straight in her school clothes"

Similar:
respectable
upright
upstanding
honourable
honest
on the level
decent
right-minded
law-abiding
conventional
conservative
traditional
conformist
old-fashioned
strait-laced
unadventurous
stuffy
square

    fuddy-duddy
        heterosexual.

adverb
adverb: straight

    1.
    in a straight line; directly.
    "he was gazing straight at her"
    h
    Similar:
    right

directly
squarely
full
plumb
smack
bang
slap bang
spang
smack dab

    with no delay or diversion; directly or immediately.
    "after dinner we went straight back to our hotel"
    h
    Similar:
    directly

right
by a direct route
without deviating
in a beeline
as the crow flies
by the shortest route
right away
straight away
without delay
immediately
at once
as soon as possible
ASAP
tout de suite
toot sweet
before you can say knife
straightway
instanter

Opposite:
later

    eventually
    archaic
    at once; immediately.
    "I'll fetch up the bath to you straight"

2.
in or into a level, even, or upright position.
"he pulled his clothes straight"

3.
correctly; clearly.
"I'm so tired I can hardly think straight"

Similar:
logically
rationally
clearly
lucidly
coherently
cogently
unemotionally
dispassionately
properly
correctly

    honestly and directly; in a straightforward manner.
    "I told her straight—the kid's right"
    h
    Similar:
    frankly

directly
straight out
candidly
honestly
forthrightly
outspokenly
plainly
point-blank
bluntly
flatly
roundly
straight from the shoulder
with no holds barred
without beating about the bush
without mincing words
unequivocally
unambiguously
in plain English
to someone's face
pulling no punches

        straight up
    4.
    without a break; continuously.
    "he remembered working sixteen hours straight"

noun
noun: straight; plural noun: straights

    1.
    a part of something that is not curved or bent, especially a straight section of a racecourse.
    "he pulled away in the straight to win by half a second"
        archaic
        a form or position that is not curved or bent.
        "the rod flew back to the straight"
    2.
    (in poker) a continuous sequence of five cards.
    3.
    informal
    a conventional person.
        a heterosexual person.
    4.
    informal•South African
    (in township slang) a 750 ml bottle of alcoholic drink.

Phrases
get something straight
make a situation clear, especially by reaching an understanding.
go straight
live an honest life after being a criminal.
a straight face
a blank or serious facial expression, especially when trying not to laugh. "my father kept a straight face when he joked"
the straight and narrow
the honest and morally acceptable way of living. "he's making a real effort to get back on the straight and narrow"
straight away
immediately. "the clerk recognized her straight away"
a straight fight
a contest between just two opponents, especially in an election.
straight from the shoulder
(of a blow) swift and well delivered.
straight out
without hesitation or deliberation. "If you're not going to help me, just say so straight out"
straight up
truthfully; honestly. "come on, Bert, I won't hurt you—straight up"
Origin

- - -

Shiva Medicos (Retail Chemist, MDC 4, Panchkula)

Shiva Medicos
Retail Chemist
Shop No 4, Near Shemrock School, Rail Vihar Road, Bhainsa Tibba, MDC 4, Panchkula

D.L. No.: 20(374) & 21(374)
Labels: Medicine,Pharmacy

Fluconazole (Fluka-150 for fungal infection)

Fluka 150 Tablet
Prescription: Required
MANUFACTURER: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Fluconazole (150mg)
STORAGE: Store below 30°C

INTRODUCTION

Fluka 150 Tablet is used to treat fungal infections of the mouth, throat, vagina, and other parts of the body including fingernails and toenails. It kills fungi by destroying the fungal cell membrane thereby stopping the growth of fungi.

Fluka 150 Tablet should be taken in the dose and duration as prescribed by your doctor. It should be swallowed whole and can be taken with or without food. The dosage and length of treatment will depend on the condition you are being treated for. Sometimes this will be in cycles of use and non-use. To get the most benefit, take this medicine at evenly spaced times and continue using it until your prescription is finished, even if your symptoms disappear after a few days. If you stop treatment too early, the infection may return and if you miss doses you can increase your risk of infections that are resistant to further treatment. Tell your doctor if the infection does not get better or if it gets worse. Avoid taking antacid treatments within one hour before or two hours after you take it.

The most common side effects of this medicine include stomach pain, headache, and nausea. You could ask your doctor about ways of preventing or reducing these effects. Stop taking medicine and inform your doctor if you notice signs of an allergic reaction such as rash, swelling of the lips, throat, or face, swallowing or breathing problems, dizziness, and nausea.

Do not take Fluka 150 Tablet if you are pregnant unless your doctor has told you to. Inform your doctor if you have a history of heart failure, a weak immune system (including HIV/AIDS), kidney problems, or liver problems such as yellow skin (jaundice). This medicine may not be suitable for you. If your course of treatment is for more than a month, your doctor may monitor your liver function. This medicine may make you dizzy so do not drive or operate machines until it is safe.

USES OF FLUKA 150 TABLET: Fungal infections

BENEFITS OF FLUKA 150 TABLET

In Fungal infections
Fluka 150 Tablet is an antifungal medicine. It works by killing and stopping the growth of fungi that causes the infection. It helps treat infections of the mouth, throat, vagina, and other parts of the body.

The dose and duration of treatment will depend on what you are being treated for. Make sure you complete the full course of treatment. This will ensure that the infection is completely cured and prevent it from returning.

SIDE EFFECTS OF FLUKA 150 TABLET

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.
Common side effects of Fluka 150 Tablet:

1. Headache
2. Nausea
3. Stomach pain

SAFETY ADVICE OF FLUKA 150 TABLET

Driving : UNSAFE
Fluka 150 Tablet may cause side effects which could affect your ability to drive.
Fluka 150 Tablet may cause dizziness or seizures. This may affect your ability to drive.

Kidney : UNSAFE
Fluka 150 Tablet is probably unsafe to use in patients with kidney disease and should be avoided. Please consult your doctor.
Caution to be advised in patients with impaired renal function.

Liver : CAUTION
Fluka 150 Tablet should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. Dose adjustment of Fluka 150 Tablet may be needed. Please consult your doctor.

Quick tips

Your doctor has prescribed Fluka 150 Tablet to cure your infection and improve symptoms.
Do not skip any doses and finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better.
Use a reliable method of contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking this medicine.
Your doctor may check your liver function before starting treatment and regularly thereafter. Inform your doctor if you notice yellowing of eyes or skin, dark urine, or stomach pain.
Inform your doctor if you develop severe skin rash like blistering of the skin along with fever.

Interaction with drugs

Taking Fluka with any of the following medicines can modify the effect of either of them and cause some undesirable side effects:

#1
Alfuzosin
Brand(s): Efzu, Alfuzee, Alfuflo
LIFE-THREATENING

#2
Amisulpride
Brand(s): Stozen, Sulpigold, Amisulide
LIFE-THREATENING

#3
Aripiprazole
Brand(s): Arifril, Biozol, Elrip
LIFE-THREATENING

#4
Chlorpromazine
Brand(s): Trinicalm Forte Tablet, Karzine
LIFE-THREATENING

#5
Haloperidol
Brand(s): Haldol
Use of Haloperidol and Fluconazole should be avoided at the same time. Fluconazole is expected to increase Haloperidol levels, which may result in potential life-threatening abnormal heart rate.
Tags: Science,Medicine,

The Caffeine Story (Dec 2020)

Index of Journals

Am a horrible storyteller. Before I went to Toastmasters and before I actually sat down to write stories like this one, I had always thought that I would do great in public speaking. I was wrong. 

At Toastmasters, I learnt that a good speech always consists of three parts. The beginning. The body. The conclusion or ending, you might say.

It wasn't just the Toastmasters that conveyed this structure for a story to me, I remember visiting a Psychologist and what Anupama (the Psychologist) asked me to do was write three stories based on some images she showed to me. The activity was part of the Thematic Apperception Test.

I do want to present to you my dear reader a story, not facts and figures, and not off the topic moaning and crying but somehow most of the posts are like that only.

My first high Caffeine dose episode was in 2008 when I was preparing for IIT-JEE. At that time to stay awake at night, I used to take a glass of tea instead of a glass of milk. My glass of milk would be on my table by 10 PM or so, and from that I would prepare my tea around 12 to pull up studies for till 3 (midnight) or 4 in the morning.

The second might have been in college during exams but I would not bring them up here as those days have already been written about in great detail.

The third episode was when I was doing MTech while working for Mobileum. A couple of nights such as the ones I had spent dozing on caffeine while preparing for Distributed Computing. I had to go through all the DC videos before that exam and the exam was supposed to happen on the weekend so I stayed at work in the video conferencing room outside of the secured area and watched the DC videos. The way I was dozing on caffeine was that I had either tea, crushed bean latte, or coke and I would have to take a sip everytime that I would yawn in between studying. I went home around 4 AM and could not sleep, I got back to the office around 8 AM and researched about caffeine overdose and ate bananas 'after reading from the internet'. By 2:30 PM, I was back at home due to headache and sleep.

The fourth episode and also the last one was in 2019 and 2020. Before the 2020 lockdown, I remember there were days at work when I was roughly (on the lesser side) drinking 8 cups of latte in a day. During the 2020 lockdown, after August, I was making tea from milk alone and it tastes very good and silky. But I ended up being diagnosed with Anxiety and Panic formally by a psychiatrist by December 2020.

So yes, caffeine is not good for health and it is addictive and it is America's number one drug.
Tags: Behavioral Science, Emotional Intelligence, Indian Politics, Journal, Politics, Psychology

Paxidep CR (Paroxetine for Anxiety and Depression)

Paxidep CR 25
Paroxetine Prolonged Release Tablets IP

Prescription: Required
Manufacturer: Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Paroxetine (25mg)
Storage: Store below 30°C

Introduction

Paxidep CR 25 Tablet is a type of antidepressant belonging to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) group of medicines. It is widely prescribed to treat depression and anxiety-related conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder.

Paxidep CR 25 Tablet helps many people to recover from depression by improving their mood and relieving anxiety and tension. It can be taken with or without food. The dose and how often you need it will be decided by your doctor so that you get the right amount to control your symptoms.

Your doctor may start you on a lower dose and increase it gradually. Do not change the dose or stop taking it without talking to your doctor, even if you feel well. Doing so may make your condition worse or you may suffer from unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, restlessness, palpitations, dizziness, sleep disturbances, etc).

To get the most benefit, take this medicine regularly at the same time each day. Your doctor may advise you to take it in the morning if you have trouble sleeping. It may take a few weeks before you start feeling better. Let your doctor know if you do not see any improvement even after 4 weeks.

Some common side effects of Paxidep CR 25 Tablet include nausea, fatigue, dry mouth, loss of appetite, increased sweating, dizziness, nervousness, tremors, insomnia (difficulty in sleeping), and constipation. Sexual side effects like decreased sexual drive, delayed ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction may also be seen. Let your doctor know straight away if you develop any sudden worsening of mood or any thoughts about harming yourself.

Before taking this medicine, you should tell your doctor if you have epilepsy (seizure disorder or fits), diabetes, liver or kidney disease, heart problems, or glaucoma. These may affect your treatment. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also consult their doctor before taking it. Some other medicines may affect the way it works, especially other antidepressants and medicines called MAO inhibitors. Please tell your doctor about all the medicines you are taking to make sure you are safe.

Uses of Paxidep Tablet PR

1. Depression
2. Panic disorder
3. Anxiety disorder

Benefits of Paxidep Tablet PR

In Depression

Paxidep CR 25 Tablet works by increasing the level of a chemical called serotonin in the brain. This improves your mood, relieves anxiety, tension, and helps you sleep better. It has fewer side effects than older antidepressants. It usually takes 4-6 weeks for this medicine to work so you need to keep taking it even if you feel it is not working. Do not stop taking it, even if you feel better unless your doctor advises you to.

In Panic disorder

Paxidep CR 25 Tablet can help relieve symptoms of many panic disorders including panic attacks. It can help you feel calmer and improve your ability to deal with problems. Do not stop taking it, even when you feel better, unless your doctor advises you to.

In Anxiety disorder

Paxidep CR 25 Tablet helps relieve symptoms of many anxiety disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder by increasing the level of a chemical called serotonin in your brain. It has fewer side effects than older antidepressants and is normally taken once a day. It helps you feel calm with a better ability to deal with problems. Exercise and a healthy diet can also improve your mood. Keep taking the medicine until your doctor advises you to stop.

Side effects of Paxidep Tablet PR

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.

Common side effects of Paxidep:

1. Nausea
2. Fatigue
3. Dryness in mouth
4. Loss of appetite
5. Increased sweating
6. Dizziness
7. Nervousness
8. Tremor
9. Insomnia (difficulty in sleeping)
10. Low sexual desire
11. Confusion
12. Constipation
13. Erectile dysfunction
14. Delayed ejaculation
15. Decreased libido

How Paxidep Tablet PR works

Paxidep CR 25 Tablet is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin, a chemical messenger in the brain. This improves mood and physical symptoms of depression and also relieves symptoms of panic disorder, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Safety advice

Alcohol : UNSAFE
It is unsafe to consume alcohol with Paxidep CR 25 Tablet.
Avoid consuming alcohol when taking Paxidep CR 25 Tablet, as it may cause excessive drowsiness and calmness.

Driving : UNSAFE
Paxidep CR 25 Tablet may decrease alertness, affect your vision or make you feel sleepy and dizzy. Do not drive if these symptoms occur. 

Kidney : CAUTION
Paxidep CR 25 Tablet should be used with caution in patients with kidney disease. Dose adjustment of Paxidep CR 25 Tablet may be needed. Please consult your doctor.

Liver : CAUTION
Paxidep CR 25 Tablet should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. Dose adjustment of Paxidep CR 25 Tablet may be needed. Please consult your doctor.

Alternate brands

Xet CR 25 Tablet, Pari CR 25 Tablet, Pexep CR 25 Tablet

For informational purposes only. Consult a doctor before taking any medicines.

Paxidep CR 25 Tablet : ₹19.7/Tablet PR

Atext 25mg Tablet PR : Atral Cyrus Lifesciences : ₹1.4/tablet pr : 93% cheaper

Paxgem XR 25 Tablet : La Pharmaceuticals : ₹13.97/tablet pr : 29% cheaper

Parona CR 25 Tablet : Quince Lifesciences Pvt Ltd : ₹14.9/tablet pr : 24% cheaper

Parytine-CR 25 Tablet : Ryon Pharma : ₹15/tablet pr : 24% cheaper

Paroxee CR 25 Tablet : Talent India : ₹17.2/tablet pr : 13% cheaper 

Quick tips

1. It can take 2-3 weeks for Paxidep CR 25 Tablet to start working.
2. Do not stop treatment suddenly as this may cause upset stomach, flu-like withdrawal symptoms, and sleep disturbance.
3. If your doctor asks you to stop Paxidep CR 25 Tablet, you should reduce the dose slowly over 4 weeks.
4. Avoid consuming alcohol when taking Paxidep CR 25 Tablet, as it may cause excessive drowsiness and calmness.
5. The addiction/dependence potential of Paxidep CR 25 Tablet is very less.

Fact Box

Chemical Class: Phenylpiperidine Derivative
Habit Forming: No
Therapeutic Class: NEURO CNS
Action Class: Selective Seretonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Interaction with drugs

Taking Paxidep with any of the following medicines can modify the effect of either of them and cause some undesirable side effects:

#1
Linezolid
Brand(s): Lizolan, Lidoford, Zenlid
LIFE-THREATENING

#2
Moclobemide
Brand(s): Trima, Rimarex, Morex
LIFE-THREATENING

#3
Rasagiline
Brand(s): Rasalect, Relgin, Rasipar
LIFE-THREATENING

#4
Reboxetine
Brand(s): Rebotin
LIFE-THREATENING

Labels: Medicine, Science, Technology, Psychology,Behavioral Science,Emotional Intelligence,

Treat to the canines [20210711]

Index of Journals

Canine Info:
Adults: 3: Brown bitch, black dog, wheatish dog
Pups: 5-6 puppies roughly 6 months old.

Finished a four packets of Buttermilk (each packet of 1L)
Served in three bowls in parallel.

Total cost: 28 * 4 = 112 INR
Tags: Journal,Psychology,Behavioral Science,Emotional Intelligence,Science,

Treat to the canines [20210706]

Index of Journals

Canine Info:
Adults: 2: Brown bitch, black dog
Pups: 5-6 puppies roughly 6 months old.

Finished a crate of eggs containing 30 eggs.
Served one at a time at fast pace one after another.

Total cost: 6 * 30 = 180 INR
Tags: Journal,Psychology,Behavioral Science,Emotional Intelligence,Science,

Okacet-L (Levocetirizine for allergy)

Okacet-L Tablet (Levocetirizine for allergy)

Prescription: Required
MANUFACTURER: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Levocetirizine (5mg)
STORAGE: Store below 30°C

INTRODUCTION

Okacet-L Tablet belongs to a group of medicines called antihistamines. It is used to treat various allergic conditions such as hay fever, conjunctivitis, some skin reactions such as eczema, hives, and reactions to bites and stings. It also relieves watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, and itching.

Okacet-L Tablet can be taken with or without food. The dose required by you may vary depending on what you are taking it for. This medicine is usually taken in the evening, but follow the advice of your doctor on how to take it. You may need this medicine only on days you have symptoms, but if you are taking it to prevent the symptoms then you should take it regularly. If you miss doses or stop taking it earlier than advised, your symptoms may come back.

This medicine is generally very safe. The most common side effects include feeling sleepy or dizzy, dry mouth, fatigue, and headache. These are usually mild and go away after a couple of days as your body adjusts to it. Consult your doctor if any of the side effects persist or worry you.

Before taking it, tell your doctor if you have any kidney problems or epilepsy (seizures). Your dose may need to be modified or this medicine may not suit you. Some other medicines can interact with this medicine so let your healthcare team know what else you are taking. You should also talk to your doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, although it is not thought to be harmful.

USES OF OKACET-L TABLET: Treatment of Allergic conditions

BENEFITS OF OKACET-L TABLET

In Treatment of Allergic conditions:

Okacet-L Tablet provides relief from symptoms such as blocked or runny nose, sneezing, and itchy or watery eyes. This will make it easier for you to go about your daily activities. It can also give relief from allergic reactions after insect bites and symptoms of hives and eczema such as rash, swelling, itching, and irritation. This will improve the appearance of your skin and you may find that your mood and self-confidence improve as well. 
It rarely has any serious side effects and you may only need to take it on days you have symptoms.
Moreover, Okacet-L Tablet may make you feel less sleepy as compared to other antihistamine medicines. If you are taking it to prevent getting symptoms you should use it regularly to get the most benefit.

SIDE EFFECTS OF OKACET-L TABLET

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.
Common side effects of Okacet-L:
1. Sleepiness
2. Fatigue
3. Headache
4. Dryness in mouth

HOW OKACET-L TABLET WORKS

Okacet-L Tablet is an antihistaminic medication. It treats allergy symptoms such as itching, swelling, and rashes by blocking the effects of a chemical messenger (histamine) in the body.

It works by blocking a certain natural substance (histamine) that your body makes during an allergic reaction.

SAFETY ADVICE

Alcohol : UNSAFE
Okacet-L Tablet may cause excessive drowsiness with alcohol.

Driving : UNSAFE
Okacet-L Tablet may decrease alertness, affect your vision or make you feel sleepy and dizzy. Do not drive if these symptoms occur.

Kidney : CAUTION
Okacet-L Tablet should be used with caution in patients with kidney disease. Dose adjustment of Okacet-L Tablet may be needed. Please consult your doctor.
Use of Okacet-L Tablet is not recommended in patients with severe kidney disease.

Quick tips

1. Your doctor has prescribed Okacet-L Tablet to help relieve allergy symptoms such as itching, swelling, and rashes.

2. As compared to other similar medications, it is much less likely to make you feel sleepy.

3. Be cautious while driving or doing anything that requires concentration as it can cause dizziness and sleepiness.

4. Do not drink alcohol while taking this medication as it may cause increased sleepiness.

5. Stop taking Okacet-L Tablet at least three days before taking an allergy test as it can affect the test results.

Fact Box

Chemical Class : Piperazine Derivatives

Habit Forming : No

Therapeutic Class : RESPIRATORY

Action Class : H1 Antihistaminics (second Generation)

Interaction with drugs

Taking Okacet-L with any of the following medicines can modify the effect of either of them and cause some undesirable side effects

#1
Aprepitant
Brand(s): Aprepit, Aprepep, Fos-Aprepitant
LIFE-THREATENING

#2
Fosaprepitant
Brand(s): Fosup, Artepitant, Fosaran
LIFE-THREATENING

#3
Zafirlukast
Brand(s): Zuvair
SERIOUS

#4 
Salt: Alprazolam 
Brand(s): Eurolam, Alprax, Xanax 
Impact: MODERATE

Okacet-L Tablet & Alprax 0.25 Tablet
Use of Levocetirizine and Alprazolam should be avoided at the same time, as it may cause drowsiness or sleepiness. Caution is advised against driving or undertaking other skilled tasks.
Labels: Medicine,Science,Technology