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Here is the English translation of the Sanskrit verses and the accompanying Hindi explanation:
Verse 4:
“By instructing a foolish
student, by maintaining a wicked woman,
and by associating with unhappy people, even a wise person suffers.”
(Chanakya Niti, Shloka 4)
Explanation:
Chanakya says in this verse that giving advice to a foolish student, supporting an immoral or ill-behaved woman, and keeping company with unhappy people can bring suffering even to an intelligent person. He makes it clear that one should not try to motivate or teach a foolish student toward good conduct. Similarly, associating with a person of bad character is improper, and spending excessive time with deeply unhappy individuals can bring distress even to wise and knowledgeable people.
At first glance, these ideas may seem ordinary to some people, but if considered seriously, Chanakya’s point becomes profound. Advice, instruction, or guidance should be given only to those who are worthy of it or genuinely wish to learn.
A famous story illustrates this: A monkey was getting drenched in the rain while a weaver bird sat safely in its nest. The bird advised the monkey to build a shelter for itself. But the monkey was not capable of appreciating the advice and, instead of learning, destroyed the bird’s nest. Similarly, many stories exist about foolish students causing trouble for their teachers.
There is also a Sanskrit verse:
“A completely ignorant
person is easy to teach;
an expert is even easier to satisfy.
But a person with only a little knowledge—
even Brahma cannot convince such a person.”
Its meaning is that someone who knows nothing can often be taught easily, and a truly knowledgeable person can also understand things readily. But a person with a little knowledge is often the hardest to teach, because partial knowledge creates arrogance and resistance.
Chanakya also says that keeping company with a wicked or immoral woman, or supporting such a person, can become a source of suffering. The argument is that if someone is not loyal or truthful in close relationships, they are unlikely to act sincerely elsewhere.
Similarly, constant association with unhappy people may affect one’s own mental state. Their despair, stress, and negativity may gradually influence those around them. People overwhelmed by suffering may lose judgment and sometimes develop undesirable traits such as greed, harshness, or bitterness. Therefore, even a wise person may suffer if they continuously remain in such environments.
This is compared to knowingly putting one’s hand into a snake’s hole or nurturing a snake in one’s sleeve.
Chanakya’s advice to stay away from deeply unhappy company is emphasized further in another verse:
“Before I can cross the
ocean of one sorrow,
another arrives;
through the cracks in life, misfortunes multiply.”
Chanakya argues that sorrow rarely comes alone. Just as a torn cloth becomes more torn with use, a person trapped in suffering often finds it difficult to escape quickly. Therefore, according to him, a wise person should avoid close association with these three sources of trouble.
A modern interpretation note:
Some parts of this teaching reflect the social attitudes of ancient times, especially regarding women and avoiding unhappy people. A modern reading may interpret the core principle more broadly: be careful about investing energy where learning is rejected, avoid persistently toxic relationships, and protect yourself from environments that continuously drain your emotional well-being.
In One Line
English: Even a wise person suffers by wasting effort on foolish people, maintaining toxic relationships, and constantly associating with negativity. Hindi: मूर्खों को समझाने, दुष्ट लोगों का साथ निभाने और दुःखी लोगों की नकारात्मक संगति करने से बुद्धिमान व्यक्ति भी कष्ट पाता है।
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