Domestic Systematically Important Banks of India as of Jan, 2021

What is a D-SIB?

1. Some banks, due to their size, cross-jurisdictional activities, complexity, lack of substitutability and interconnectedness, become systemically important. The disorderly failure of these banks has the potential to cause significant disruption to the essential services they provide to the banking system, and in turn, to the overall economic activity. Therefore, the continued functioning of Systemically Important Banks (SIBs) is critical for the uninterrupted availability of essential banking services to the real economy.

Lessons from recent global financial crisis:

2. It was observed during the recent global financial crisis that problems faced by certain large and highly interconnected financial institutions hampered the orderly functioning of the financial system, which in turn, negatively impacted the real economy. Government intervention was considered necessary to ensure financial stability in many jurisdictions. Cost of public sector intervention and consequential increase in moral hazard required that future regulatory policies should aim at reducing the probability of failure of SIBs and the impact of the failure of these banks.

3. As a response to the recent crisis, a series of reform measures were unveiled, broadly known as Basel III, to improve the resiliency of banks and banking systems. Basel III reform measures include: increase in the quality and quantity of regulatory capital of the banks, improving risk coverage, introduction of a leverage ratio to serve as a backstop to the risk-based capital regime, capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer as well as a global standard for liquidity risk management. These policy measures will cover all banks including SIBs. However, these policy measures are not adequate to deal with risks posed by SIBs. Therefore, additional policy measures for SIBs are necessary to counter the systemic risks and moral hazard issues posed by these banks, which other policy reforms do not address adequately.

Additional risks posed by SIBs:

4. SIBs are perceived as banks that are ‘Too Big To Fail (TBTF)’. This perception of TBTF creates an expectation of government support for these banks at the time of distress. Due to this perception, these banks enjoy certain advantages in the funding markets. However, the perceived expectation of government support amplifies risk-taking, reduces market discipline, creates competitive distortions, and increases the probability of distress in the future. These considerations require that SIBs should be subjected to additional policy measures to deal with the systemic risks and moral hazard issues posed by them.

5. In October 20101, the Financial Stability Board (FSB) recommended that all member countries needed to have in place a framework to reduce risks attributable to Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFIs) in their jurisdictions. The FSB asked the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) to develop an assessment methodology comprising both quantitative and qualitative indicators to assess the systemic importance of Global SIFIs (G-SIFIs), along with an assessment of the extent of going-concern loss absorbency capital which could be provided by various proposed instruments. In response, BCBS came out with a framework in November, 2011 (since up-dated in July, 2013) for identifying the Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) and the magnitude of additional loss absorbency capital requirements applicable to these G-SIBs.

6. The BCBS is also considering proposals such as large exposure restrictions and liquidity measures which are referred to as “other prudential measures” in the FSB Recommendations and Time Lines. The G20 leaders had asked the BCBS and FSB in November 2011 to extend the G-SIBs framework to Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) expeditiously.

7. The methodology to be used to assess the systemic importance is largely based on the indicator based approach being used by BCBS to identify G-SIBs. The indicators to be used to assess domestic systemic importance of the banks are as follows:

i) Size;
ii) Interconnectedness;
iii) Lack of readily available substitutes or financial institution infrastructure; and
iv) Complexity.

What is CET1 (Common Equity Tier 1)?
% CET1 is a measure of bank solvency that gauges a bank’s capital strength.
% This measure is better captured by the CET1 ratio, which measures a bank’s capital against its assets. 
% Common equity Tier 1 ratio = common equity tier 1 capital / risk-weighted assets

According to Press Release of March 14, 2019 
RBI releases 2018 list of Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs). SBI, ICICI Bank, and HDFC Bank continue to be identified as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs), under the same bucketing structure as last year. The additional Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) requirement for D-SIBs has already been phased-in from April 1, 2016 and will become fully effective from April 1, 2019. The additional CET1 requirement will be in addition to the capital conservation buffer.



Background:
The Reserve Bank had issued the Framework for dealing with Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) on July 22, 2014. The D-SIB framework requires the Reserve Bank to disclose the names of banks designated as D-SIBs starting from 2015 and place these banks in appropriate buckets depending upon their Systemic Importance Scores (SISs). Based on the bucket in which a D-SIB is placed, an additional common equity requirement has to be applied to it. In case a foreign bank having branch presence in India is a Global Systemically Important Bank (G-SIB), it has to maintain additional CET1 capital surcharge in India as applicable to it as a G-SIB, proportionate to its Risk Weighted Assets (RWAs) in India i.e. additional CET1 buffer prescribed by the home regulator (amount) multiplied by India RWA as per consolidated global Group books divided by Total consolidated global Group RWA.

The higher capital requirements are applicable from April 1, 2016 in a phased manner and will become fully effective from April 1, 2019. The additional common equity requirement for different buckets over the four year phase-in period is as under:



Based on the methodology provided in the D-SIB framework and data collected from banks as on March 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, the Reserve Bank had announced State Bank of India and ICICI Bank Ltd. as D-SIBs on August 31, 2015 and August 25, 2016, respectively. Based on data collected from banks as on March 31, 2017, the Reserve Bank had announced State Bank of India, ICICI Bank Ltd. and HDFC Bank Ltd. as D-SIBs on September 04, 2017. Current update is based on the data collected from banks as on March 31, 2018. 

Further the D-SIB framework requires that “The assessment methodology for assessing the systemic importance of banks and identifying D-SIBs will be reviewed on a regular basis. However, this review will be at least once in three years.” Current review and analysis of cross country practices do not warrant any change in the extant framework at present. 

References

% Framework for Dealing with Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)

% 2017 list of global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) (From: fsb.org)
 
% RBI releases Framework for dealing with Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) / Date : Jul 22, 2014
 
% RBI releases list of Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) / Date : Aug 31, 2015
 
% RBI identifies SBI and ICICI Bank as D-SIBs in 2016 / Date : Aug 25, 2016
 
% RBI releases 2017 list of Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) / Date : Sep 04, 2017
 
% RBI releases 2018 list of Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) / Date : Mar 14, 2019

% Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1)

Medicine Listing (Dec 2020)

1. AF 400 Tablet

Prescription Required

MANUFACTURER: Systopic Laboratories Pvt Ltd

SALT COMPOSITION: Fluconazole (400mg)

INTRODUCTION

AF 400 Tablet belongs to a group of medicines called antifungals. It works by stopping the growth of fungus and is used to treat infections of the mouth, throat, vagina, and other parts of the body including fingernails and toenails. It kills fungi by destroying the fungal cell membrane.

SIDE EFFECTS OF AF TABLET

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them
Common side effects of AF
- Headache
- Nausea
- Stomach pain

Ref: 1mg

Salt Information:

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used for a number of fungal infections. This includes candidiasis, blastomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, dermatophytosis, and pityriasis versicolor. It is also used to prevent candidiasis in those who are at high risk such as following organ transplantation, low birth weight babies, and those with low blood neutrophil counts. It is given either by mouth or by injection into a vein.

Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and increased liver enzymes. Serious side effects may include liver problems, QT prolongation, and seizures. During pregnancy it may increase the risk of miscarriage while large doses may cause birth defects. Fluconazole is in the azole antifungal family of medication. It is believed to work by affecting the fungal cellular membrane.

Fluconazole was patented in 1981 and came into commercial use in 1988. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fluconazole is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 182nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.

Ref: Wikipedia

2. Sertaconazole (in the form of Sertaconazole Nitrate cream) 

Sertaconazole, sold under the brand name Ertaczo among others, is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class. It is available as a cream to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot.

It is also available in a vaginal tablet form. The most popular of these is Gyno-Dermofix.[citation needed]

Sertaconazole has several known mechanisms of action. It is considered fungistatic, fungicidal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antitrichomonal, and antipruritic.

Side effects:

Side effects were rarely reported with sertaconazole therapy, but may include contact dermatitis, burning on application site and skin dryness.

Ref:
% Wikipedia - Sertaconazole

% Wikipedia - Antifungal

3. Beclomethasone Dipropionate (in the form of topical cream) 

Following information is about the 'Beclometasone' chemical compound.

Beclometasone, also known as beclometasone dipropionate, and sold under the brand name Qvar among others, is a steroid medication. It is available as an inhaler, cream, pills, and nasal spray. The inhaled form is used in the long-term management of asthma. The cream may be used for dermatitis and psoriasis. The pills have been used to treat ulcerative colitis. The nasal spray is used to treat allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps.

Common side effects with the inhaled form include respiratory infections, headaches, and throat inflammation. Serious side effects include an increased risk of infection, cataracts, Cushing's syndrome, and severe allergic reactions. Long-term use of the pill form may cause adrenal insufficiency. The pills may also cause mood or personality changes. The inhaled form is generally regarded as safe in pregnancy. Beclometasone is mainly a glucocorticoid.

Beclometasone dipropionate was first patented in 1962 and used medically in 1972. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1976. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2017, it was the 153rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than four million prescriptions.

Side effects

Common side effects with the inhaled form include respiratory infections, headaches, and throat inflammation. Serious side effects include an increased risk of infection, cataracts, Cushing's syndrome, and severe allergic reactions. Long-term use of the pill form may cause adrenal insufficiency. The pills may also cause mood or personality changes. The inhaled form is generally regarded as safe in pregnancy.

Occasionally, it may cause a cough upon inhalation. Deposition on the tongue and throat may promote oral candidiasis, which appears as a white coating, possibly with irritation. This may usually be prevented by rinsing the mouth with water after using the inhaler. Other adverse drug reaction side effects may rarely include: a smell similar to burning plastic, unpleasant taste, hoarseness or nasal congestion, pain or headache, and visual changes. Allergic reactions may occur, but rarely.

Nasal corticosteroids may be associated with central serous retinopathy.

Pharmacology
Beclometasone is mainly a glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The activated glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex up-regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus (a process known as transactivation) and represses the expression of proinflammatory proteins in the cytosol by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus (transrepression).

Glucocorticoids are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system which reduces certain aspects of immune function, such as inflammation.

Names 
Beclometasone dipropionate is the INN (International nonproprietary name) modified and beclomethasone dipropionate is the USAN and former BAN. It is a prodrug of the free form, beclometasone (INN). The prodrug beclometasone is marketed in Norway and Russia.

Clenil, Qvar are brandnames for the inhalers. Beconase, Alanase, Vancenase, Qnasl for the nasal spray or aerosol.

Ref: Wikipedia

4. Bilastine (in the tablet form) 

Bilastine (sold under the brand names BILLASI and Blexten, among others), is a second-generation antihistamine medication which is used in the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria (hives).

It exerts its effect as a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist, and has an effectiveness similar to cetirizine, fexofenadine, and desloratadine. It was developed in Spain by FAES Farma.

Bilastine is approved in the European Union for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria, but it is not approved for any use in the United States. Bilastine meets the current European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact of Asthma (ARIA) criteria for medication used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Bilastine has been effective in the treatment of diseases of allergies, including rhinoconjuctivitis. Additionally, bilastine has been shown to improve quality of life, and all nasal and eye symptoms related to allergic rhinitis.

Side effects 

Toxicity of bilastine investigated in preclinical toxicology studies in mice, rats and dogs after oral and intravenous administration showed no mortality observed after oral administration of massive doses. After intravenous administration, LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of animals) values were 33 and 45–75 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. No signs of toxicity were observed in any organ after bilastine massive overdosing, either orally (in mice, rats and dogs), or intravenously (in rats and dogs) during 4 weeks. No effects on fertility, no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, and no apparent carcinogenic potential were seen in the studies carried out in rats, mice and rabbits.

In clinical research, bilastine has proven to be well tolerated, with an adverse events profile similar to that of placebo in healthy volunteers, patients with AR and with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Although the tolerance profile of bilastine and levocetirizine or desloratadine were very similar, bilastine was markedly better tolerated than cetirizine in a clinical assay in SAR, with fewer adverse events in the bilastine group. No anticholinergic adverse events were observed in the clinical trials with bilastine. No serious adverse events were reported during the research and there were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, electrocardiography (ECG) or laboratory tests. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and studies in special populations indicate that dose adjustment of bilastine is not necessary in elderly patients or in chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease.

Ref: Wikipedia

5. Luliconazole Cream 

Luliconazole, trade names Luzu among others, is an imidazole antifungal medication. As a 1% topical cream, It is indicated for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm caused by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum.

Ref: Wikipedia

6. Adgain Plus Capsule 

- Facilitates protection of damaged hair

- Helps to counter premature greying of hair

- Helps to reduce the biotin deficiency

Adgain Plus Capsule helps in treating the hair loss due to changes in the hair structure because of stress.  The hair becomes thin, inelastic, brittle, lifeless, dull and colourless hair. Adgain plus capsules are a dietary supplement for hair. 

Key Ingredients:

- Biotin

- Calcium D-Pantothenate

- Iron

- Zinc

- Green Tea Powder

- L-Cysteine

- Thiamine

- Vitamin D3

- Yeast Extract

Key Benefits:

- It helps to protect the hair damaged by sunlight

- Reduces and protects the greying of the hair

- Improves the hair structure, strengthens the hair and increases the resistance of the hair from mechanical, chemical and sun damage

- Fortify the hair with the power of L- cystine, brewer's yeast and calcium pantothenate

- Works by treating or preventing the hair from biotin deficiency

- Adgain plus capsule is used for hair fall, retarded hair growth, damaged hair, and other conditions

Directions For Use: One tablet per day or as directed by the physician.

Ref: 1mg

Few tips for good hair health:

- Do not wash hair or scalp with hot water.

- Do not comb wet hair.

- Do not wear tight caps, hats, headwear, helmets, etc.

- Eat a lot of veg protein such as grams / chickpeas, sprouts, pulses. (Other rich protein sources could be cheese, nuts, soyabean, tofu, etc)

- Do not stress over little things. Avoid it as much as you can.

7. Keraglo Men Tablet 

Highlights:

- Helps to prevent hair fall and treat scalp problems

- Helps to improve the quality of hair and make them healthy

- Promotes healthy growth of hair and strengthen the hair

Keraglo Men Tablet contains gamma-linolenic acid, which is found mostly in plant-based oils such as barrage seed oil), multivitamins and multi-minerals. Gamma-Linolenic Acid is known to be an essential fatty acid that helps to stop hair loss as well as the growth of hair. 

Key Ingredients:
- Gamma-Linolenic acid
- Multivitamins
- Multi minerals

Key Benefits:
- It helps to normalize the hair growth cycle
- Enhances the quality of hair
- Helps to reduce hair fall

Directions For Use:
Keraglo Men Tablets are generally used by men who are suffering from hair loss. You can take 1 tablet daily with a glass of water, before or after a meal.

Safety Information:
- Read the instructions carefully before use
- Avoid contact with eyes, eyelid areas, nostril areas & close to the mouth
- Keep out of reach of the children
- Use under medical supervision

Ref: 1mg

8. D3 Sure Nano Shot Oral Solution 5ml 

MANUFACTURER: Aareen Healthcare Pvt Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Vitamin D3 (60000IU)

USES OF D3 SURE ORAL SOLUTION
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Osteoporosis

BENEFITS OF D3 SURE ORAL SOLUTION

- In Vitamin D deficiency
Normally your body creates vitamin D from sunlight, but you will be prescribed this medicine as a supplement if you do not have enough. It is important to keep taking it regularly to get the benefits. You may not notice it working but keep taking it in order to protect your bones. Additionally, it can boost your immunity and increase the body's resistance against various infections.

SIDE EFFECTS OF D3 SURE ORAL SOLUTION
Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them
Common side effects of 'D3 Sure': No common side effects seen

HOW D3 SURE ORAL SOLUTION WORKS
D3 Sure Nano Shot Oral Solution 5ml is a form of vitamin D. It raises vitamin D levels in your blood. This in turn raises calcium levels in your blood by helping you absorb more calcium from food.

Ref: 1mg

Does your city look like this?

These images were taken in the Tri Nagar area of North-West Delhi on 18th December 2020. Check out how polluted the capital city of India is.

Junk Cars and Vehicles 














Cows that are littering the streets and blocking the traffic 














Litter







Tri Nagar Drain That Has Been Planned To Be Covered But Government Has Not Shared Any Plans As To When It Will Be Done.










Organizations, Associations and Political Campaigning














Do We Need To Ask These Shops To Take Some Reponsibility For City's Cleanliness?










Temples That Ask You To Worship Animals But Don't Take Any Reponsibility Of City's Cleanliness

Stop Words Removal (NLTK, SpaCy, Gensim)

Stop words are those words in natural language that have a very little meaning, such as "is", "an", "the", etc. Search engines and other enterprise indexing platforms often filter the stop words while fetching results from the database against the user queries.

Stop words are often removed from the text before training deep learning and machine learning models since stop words occur in abundance, hence providing little to no unique information that can be used for classification or clustering. 

It still requires consideration when removing stop words such as 'no', 'not', 'nor', "wouldn't", "shouldn't" as they negate the meaning of the sentence and are useful in problems such as 'Sentiment Analysis'.

Several natural language processing libraries such as NLTK, SpaCy, Gensim, TextBlob, etc provide functionality to remove stop-words.

Using NLTK

from nltk.corpus import stopwords
nltk.download('stopwords')
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

text = "Nick likes to play football, however he is not too fond of tennis."
text_tokens = word_tokenize(text)

tokens_without_sw = [word for word in text_tokens if not word in stopwords.words()]

print(tokens_without_sw) 

Here is how the sentence looks without the stop words:

['Nick', 'likes', 'play', 'football', ',', 'however', 'fond', 'tennis', '.']

To print again as a sentence:

filtered_sentence = (" ").join(tokens_without_sw)
print(filtered_sentence) 

Here is the output:

Nick likes play football , however fond tennis .

Let's see the list of all the English stop words supported by NLTK:

print(stopwords.words('english'))

Output:

['i', 'me', 'my', 'myself', 'we', 'our', 'ours', 'ourselves', 'you', "you're", "you've", "you'll", "you'd", 'your', 'yours', 'yourself', 'yourselves', 'he', 'him', 'his', 'himself', 'she', "she's", 'her', 'hers', 'herself', 'it', "it's", 'its', 'itself', 'they', 'them', 'their', 'theirs', 'themselves', 'what', 'which', 'who', 'whom', 'this', 'that', "that'll", 'these', 'those', 'am', 'is', 'are', 'was', 'were', 'be', 'been', 'being', 'have', 'has', 'had', 'having', 'do', 'does', 'did', 'doing', 'a', 'an', 'the', 'and', 'but', 'if', 'or', 'because', 'as', 'until', 'while', 'of', 'at', 'by', 'for', 'with', 'about', 'against', 'between', 'into', 'through', 'during', 'before', 'after', 'above', 'below', 'to', 'from', 'up', 'down', 'in', 'out', 'on', 'off', 'over', 'under', 'again', 'further', 'then', 'once', 'here', 'there', 'when', 'where', 'why', 'how', 'all', 'any', 'both', 'each', 'few', 'more', 'most', 'other', 'some', 'such', 'no', 'nor', 'not', 'only', 'own', 'same', 'so', 'than', 'too', 'very', 's', 't', 'can', 'will', 'just', 'don', "don't", 'should', "should've", 'now', 'd', 'll', 'm', 'o', 're', 've', 'y', 'ain', 'aren', "aren't", 'couldn', "couldn't", 'didn', "didn't", 'doesn', "doesn't", 'hadn', "hadn't", 'hasn', "hasn't", 'haven', "haven't", 'isn', "isn't", 'ma', 'mightn', "mightn't", 'mustn', "mustn't", 'needn', "needn't", 'shan', "shan't", 'shouldn', "shouldn't", 'wasn', "wasn't", 'weren', "weren't", 'won', "won't", 'wouldn', "wouldn't"] 

Using Python's Gensim Library 

from gensim.parsing.preprocessing import remove_stopwords

text = "Nick likes to play football, however he is not too fond of tennis."
filtered_sentence = remove_stopwords(text)

print(filtered_sentence)

Output:

Nick likes play football, fond tennis.

Adding and Removing Stop Words in Default Gensim Stop Words List
Let's first take a look at the stop words in Python's Gensim library:

import gensim
all_stopwords = gensim.parsing.preprocessing.STOPWORDS
print(all_stopwords)

The following script adds likes and play to the list of stop words in Gensim:

from gensim.parsing.preprocessing import STOPWORDS

all_stopwords_gensim = STOPWORDS.union(set(['likes', 'play']))

text = "Nick likes to play football, however he is not too fond of tennis."
text_tokens = word_tokenize(text)
tokens_without_sw = [word for word in text_tokens if not word in all_stopwords_gensim]

print(tokens_without_sw) 

Output:

['Nick', 'football', ',', 'fond', 'tennis', '.']

The following script removes the word "not" from the set of stop words in Gensim:

from gensim.parsing.preprocessing import STOPWORDS

all_stopwords_gensim = STOPWORDS
sw_list = {"not"}
all_stopwords_gensim = STOPWORDS.difference(sw_list)

text = "Nick likes to play football, however he is not too fond of tennis."
text_tokens = word_tokenize(text)
tokens_without_sw = [word for word in text_tokens if not word in all_stopwords_gensim]

print(tokens_without_sw)

Using the SpaCy Library 

Adding and Removing Stop Words in SpaCy Default Stop Word List
Like the other NLP libraries, you can also add or remove stop words from the default stop word list in Spacy. But before that, we will see a list of all the existing stop words in SpaCy.

As of this writing, SpaCy has 326 Stop Words:

{'whence', 'here', 'show', 'were', 'why', 'n’t', 'the', 'whereupon', 'not', 'more', 'how', 'eight', 'indeed', 'i', 'only', 'via', 'nine', 're', 'themselves', 'almost', 'to', 'already', 'front', 'least', 'becomes', 'thereby', 'doing', 'her', 'together', 'be', 'often', 'then', 'quite', 'less', 'many', 'they', 'ourselves', 'take', 'its', 'yours', 'each', 'would', 'may', 'namely', 'do', 'whose', 'whether', 'side', 'both', 'what', 'between', 'toward', 'our', 'whereby', "'m", 'formerly', 'myself', 'had', 'really', 'call', 'keep', "'re", 'hereupon', 'can', 'their', 'eleven', '’m', 'even', 'around', 'twenty', 'mostly', 'did', 'at', 'an', 'seems', 'serious', 'against', "n't", 'except', 'has', 'five', 'he', 'last', '‘ve', 'because', 'we', 'himself', 'yet', 'something', 'somehow', '‘m', 'towards', 'his', 'six', 'anywhere', 'us', '‘d', 'thru', 'thus', 'which', 'everything', 'become', 'herein', 'one', 'in', 'although', 'sometime', 'give', 'cannot', 'besides', 'across', 'noone', 'ever', 'that', 'over', 'among', 'during', 'however', 'when', 'sometimes', 'still', 'seemed', 'get', "'ve", 'him', 'with', 'part', 'beyond', 'everyone', 'same', 'this', 'latterly', 'no', 'regarding', 'elsewhere', 'others', 'moreover', 'else', 'back', 'alone', 'somewhere', 'are', 'will', 'beforehand', 'ten', 'very', 'most', 'three', 'former', '’re', 'otherwise', 'several', 'also', 'whatever', 'am', 'becoming', 'beside', '’s', 'nothing', 'some', 'since', 'thence', 'anyway', 'out', 'up', 'well', 'it', 'various', 'four', 'top', '‘s', 'than', 'under', 'might', 'could', 'by', 'too', 'and', 'whom', '‘ll', 'say', 'therefore', "'s", 'other', 'throughout', 'became', 'your', 'put', 'per', "'ll", 'fifteen', 'must', 'before', 'whenever', 'anyone', 'without', 'does', 'was', 'where', 'thereafter', "'d", 'another', 'yourselves', 'n‘t', 'see', 'go', 'wherever', 'just', 'seeming', 'hence', 'full', 'whereafter', 'bottom', 'whole', 'own', 'empty', 'due', 'behind', 'while', 'onto', 'wherein', 'off', 'again', 'a', 'two', 'above', 'therein', 'sixty', 'those', 'whereas', 'using', 'latter', 'used', 'my', 'herself', 'hers', 'or', 'neither', 'forty', 'thereupon', 'now', 'after', 'yourself', 'whither', 'rather', 'once', 'from', 'until', 'anything', 'few', 'into', 'such', 'being', 'make', 'mine', 'please', 'along', 'hundred', 'should', 'below', 'third', 'unless', 'upon', 'perhaps', 'ours', 'but', 'never', 'whoever', 'fifty', 'any', 'all', 'nobody', 'there', 'have', 'anyhow', 'of', 'seem', 'down', 'is', 'every', '’ll', 'much', 'none', 'further', 'me', 'who', 'nevertheless', 'about', 'everywhere', 'name', 'enough', '’d', 'next', 'meanwhile', 'though', 'through', 'on', 'first', 'been', 'hereby', 'if', 'move', 'so', 'either', 'amongst', 'for', 'twelve', 'nor', 'she', 'always', 'these', 'as', '’ve', 'amount', '‘re', 'someone', 'afterwards', 'you', 'nowhere', 'itself', 'done', 'hereafter', 'within', 'made', 'ca', 'them'} 

The output shows that there 326 stop words in the default list of stop words in the SpaCy library.

Adding Stop Words to Default SpaCy Stop Words List
The SpaCy stop word list is basically a set of strings. You can add a new word to the set like you would add any new item to a set.

Look at the following script in which we add the word tennis to existing list of stop words in Spacy:

import spacy
sp = spacy.load('en_core_web_sm')

all_stopwords = sp.Defaults.stop_words
all_stopwords.add("tennis")

text = "Nick likes to play football, however he is not too fond of tennis."
text_tokens = word_tokenize(text)
tokens_without_sw = [word for word in text_tokens if not word in all_stopwords]

print(tokens_without_sw) 

Output

['Nick', 'likes', 'play', 'football', ',', 'fond', '.']

The output shows that the word tennis has been removed from the input sentence.

You can also add multiple words to the list of stop words in SpaCy as shown below. The following script adds likes and tennis to the list of stop words in SpaCy:

import spacy
sp = spacy.load('en_core_web_sm')

all_stopwords = sp.Defaults.stop_words
all_stopwords |= {"likes","tennis",}

text = "Nick likes to play football, however he is not too fond of tennis."
text_tokens = word_tokenize(text)
tokens_without_sw = [word for word in text_tokens if not word in all_stopwords]

print(tokens_without_sw) 

Output:

['Nick', 'play', 'football', ',', 'fond', '.']

The ouput shows that the words 'likes' and 'tennis' both have been removed from the input sentence.

Removing Stop Words from Default SpaCy Stop Words List 
To remove a word from the set of stop words in SpaCy, you can pass the word to remove to the remove method of the set.

The following script removes the word "not" from the set of stop words in SpaCy:

import spacy
sp = spacy.load('en_core_web_sm')

all_stopwords = sp.Defaults.stop_words
all_stopwords.remove('not')

text = "Nick likes to play football, however he is not too fond of tennis."
text_tokens = word_tokenize(text)
tokens_without_sw = [word for word in text_tokens if not word in all_stopwords]

print(tokens_without_sw) 

Output:

['Nick', 'play', 'football', ',', 'not', 'fond', '.']

In the output, you can see that the word 'not' has not been removed from the input sentence. 

Anger Management

While you feel you are angry, it might not be the complete picture with what you are going through. When a person has the underlying feelings such as 'hurt', 'frustrated', 'humiliated', 'scared', 'rejected', at a very abstract and higher level he might say he is angry with this thing or that without giving a clear picture or detail about what this feeling is.




We can categories anger based on how intense it is, what is its duration, and what is its frequency:




High intensity anger --> Explosive Anger

Anger about long gone past --> Ruminative Anger

High Frequency --> Aggressive Personality

Bodily Changes --> Sweaty, Jittery Anger

Distortions and Deficits --> Magnifications, Attributional Biases

Anger Thermometer 




Yerkes–Dodson law

The Yerkes–Dodson law is an empirical relationship between pressure and performance, originally developed by psychologists Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908. The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point.




















Identify Your Anger Cues 










Note:
Q: What is the relation of High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) with Anger?

A: People with hypertension are very sensitive to reacting to things and they get angry.

Type A and Type B Personality Types

Type A and Type B personality hypothesis describes two contrasting personality types. In this hypothesis, personalities that are more competitive, highly organized, ambitious, impatient, highly aware of time management or aggressive are labeled Type A, while more relaxed, less "neurotic", "frantic", "explainable" personalities are labeled Type B.

The two cardiologists who developed this theory came to believe that Type A personalities had a greater chance of developing coronary heart disease. Following the results of further studies and considerable controversy about the role of the tobacco industry funding of early research in this area, some reject, either partially or completely, the link between Type A personality and coronary disease. Nevertheless, this research had a significant effect on the development of the health psychology field, in which psychologists look at how an individual's mental state affects physical health.

The types
Type A 

The hypothesis describes Type A individuals as outgoing, ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-conscious, impatient, anxious, proactive, and concerned with time management. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics". They push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence. People with Type A personalities experience more job-related stress and less job satisfaction. Interestingly, those with Type A personalities do not always outperform those with Type B personalities. Depending on the task and the individual's sense of time urgency and control, it can lead to poor results when there are complex decisions to be made. However, research has shown that Type A individuals are in general associated with higher performance and productivity. Moreover, Type A students tend to earn higher grades than Type B students, and Type A faculty members were shown to be more productive than their Type B behavior counterparts (Taylor, Locke, Lee, & Gist, 1984).

In his 1996 book dealing with extreme Type A behavior, Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and Treatment, Friedman suggests that dangerous Type A behavior is expressed through three major symptoms: 
(1) free-floating hostility, which can be triggered by even minor incidents; 

(2) time urgency and impatience, which causes irritation and exasperation usually described as being "short-fused"; and 

(3) a competitive drive, which causes stress and an achievement-driven mentality. The first of these symptoms is believed to be covert and therefore less observable, while the other two are more overt.

Type A people were said to be hasty, impatient, impulsive, hyperalert, potentially hostile, and angry. Research has also shown that Type A personalities deal with reality and have certain defenses when it comes to dealing with problems.

Janet Spence's research has shown that the Type A archetype can be broken down into two factors: Achievement Striving (AS) and Impatience Irritability (II), assessed using a modified Jenkins activity survey (with 7 questions assessing AS and 5 items assessing II). AS is a desirable factor which is characterized by being hard working, active, and taking work seriously. II is undesirable and is characterized by impatience, irritability, and anger. Subsequent work by Day and Jreige has further clarified the independence of these two subtypes of type A personality. Additionally they further defined the interactions between AS and II subtypes and psychosocial outcomes. AS was more strongly linked to job satisfaction while II was linked to self report of satisfaction and life satisfaction. Associations were demonstrated between AS and II subtypes moderating the impact of job stressors (job control, role overload and role ambiguity) on outcomes of job satisfaction, life satisfaction and perceived stress.

There are two main methods to assessing Type A behavior. The first being the SI and the second being the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). The SI assessment involves an interviewer measuring a person's emotional, nonverbal and verbal responses (your expressive style). The JAS involves a self questionnaire with three main categories: Speed and Impatience, Job Involvement, and Hard-Driving Competitiveness.

Type B 

Type B is a behavior pattern that is lacking in Type A behaviors. A-B personality is a continuum where one either leans to be more Type A or Non Type A (Type B).

The hypothesis describes Type B individuals as a contrast to those of Type A. Type B personality, by definition, are noted to live at lower stress levels. They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve. When faced with competition, they may focus less on winning or losing than their Type A counterparts, and more on enjoying the game regardless of winning or losing. Unlike the Type A personality's rhythm of multi-tasked careers, Type B individuals are sometimes attracted to careers of creativity: writer, counselor, therapist, actor or actress. Their personal character may enjoy exploring ideas and concepts.

Type B personality types are more tolerant than individuals in the Type A category. This can be evident through their relationship style that members of upper management prefer. Type B individuals can "...see things from a global perspective, encourage teamwork, and exercise patience in decision making..."

Interactions between Type A and Type B

Type A individuals' proclivity for competition and aggression is illustrated in their interactions with other Type As and with Type Bs. When playing a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game, Type A individuals elicited more competitiveness and angry feelings from both Type A and Type B opponents than did the Type B individuals. Type A individuals punished their Type A counterparts more than their Type B counterparts, and more than Type Bs punished other Type Bs. 

Rivalry between Type A individuals was shown by more aggressive behavior in their interactions, including initial antisocial responses, refusal to cooperate, verbal threats, and behavioral challenges.

Other studies 

Role of magnesium in cardiovascular health 

Maintaining healthy magnesium (Mg) levels in the body plays a strong role in protecting the cardiovascular health of an individual. An analysis of the literature suggests the possible role of Mg deficiency in the susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases, observed among subjects displaying a Type A behavior pattern. Type A subjects are more sensitive to stress and produce more catecholamines than Type B subjects. This, in turn, seems to induce an intracellular Mg loss. In the long run, type A individuals would develop a state of Mg deficiency, which may promote a greater sensitivity to stress and, ultimately, lead to the development of cardiovascular problems.

Eat Bananas for Good Heart Health:
Bananas are among the most popular fruits in the world. They're best known for their high potassium content, which can lower blood pressure and is linked to a reduced risk of heart disease. But they're also rich in magnesium — one large banana packs 37 mg, or 9% of the RDI.

Ref:
% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_and_Type_B_personality_theory
% https://www.verywellmind.com/type-b-personality-4589000