Monday, March 31, 2025

Tired of a slow and old laptop? Now give it new life using Linux Mint.

All About Technology: Index of Lessons in Technology 
Note: This laptop was running Window 8.1 before today.

How old is Windows 8.1?



Windows 8.1 was released on October 17, 2013 and reached end of support on January 10, 2023.


As of 2025, it is about 11.5 years old and no longer receives security updates from Microsoft. 🚀



First, "who am I" on the new setup?



1. To Get The Processor Information


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ more /proc/cpuinfo

processor	: 0
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 1750.000
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 0
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 0
initial apicid	: 0
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 1
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 800.000
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 0
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 1
initial apicid	: 1
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 2
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 1424.232
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 1
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 2
initial apicid	: 2
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 3
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 800.000
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 1
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 3
initial apicid	: 3
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 4
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 800.000
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 2
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 4
initial apicid	: 4
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 5
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 798.137
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 2
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 5
initial apicid	: 5
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 6
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 798.202
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 3
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 6
initial apicid	: 6
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 7
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 60
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x28
cpu MHz		: 798.203
cache size	: 6144 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 8
core id		: 3
cpu cores	: 4
apicid		: 7
initial apicid	: 7
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 13
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov 
pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdt
scp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cp
uid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx
16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave
    avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow
    flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpc
id xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts vnmi md_clear flush_l1d
vmx flags	: vnmi preemption_timer invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpr
iority tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest ple
bugs		: cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds 
swapgs itlb_multihit srbds mmio_unknown
bogomips	: 4988.36
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:


Processor name

ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep 'name'| uniq
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4710HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz

Number of processors

ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep process| wc -l
8


2. Getting Your Own Username


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ whoami
ashish


3. Getting Your IP Address on The Network


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ ifconfig


4. Getting What Were The Last Thousand Commands or Last Ten Commands by The User


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ history | head

1  sudo efibootmgr
2  lspci | grep 
3  history
4  lspci | grep -i network
5  nmcli radio wifi
6  nmcli radio wifi on
7  nmcli radio wifi
8  nmcli radio wifi on
9  rfkill list all
10  sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ history 5

30  whoami
31  ifconfig
32  history | head
33  history | tail
34  history 5


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ history | tail

27  more /proc/cpuinfo
28  cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep 'name'| uniq
29  cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep process| wc -l
30  whoami
31  ifconfig
32  history | head
33  history | tail
34  history 5
35  history 10


5. Getting The Information About The Operating System


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ uname -a
Linux ashish-Satellite-S55t-B 6.8.0-51-generic #52-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Thu Dec  5 13:09:44 UTC 2024 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ uname -a
Linux ashish-Satellite-S55t-B 6.8.0-51-generic #52-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Thu Dec  5 13:09:44 UTC 2024 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ lsb_release -a

No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID:	Linuxmint
Description:	Linux Mint 22.1
Release:	22.1
Codename:	xia

How old is the firmware?

ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ hostnamectl

 Static hostname: ashish-Satellite-S55t-B
       Icon name: computer-laptop
         Chassis: laptop 💻
      Machine ID: 74f1ec222b5b4d16abd22a46f582a41f
         Boot ID: 6dfcd73d5ca5497aa30c39153cf8ec7d
Operating System: Linux Mint 22.1                 
          Kernel: Linux 6.8.0-51-generic
    Architecture: x86-64
 Hardware Vendor: TOSHIBA
  Hardware Model: Satellite S55t-B
Firmware Version: 1.80
   Firmware Date: Tue 2014-08-26
    Firmware Age: 10y 7month 5d


6. Find out what shell am I using?


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ ps -p $$
    PID TTY          TIME CMD
   4198 pts/0    00:00:00 bash


7. Getting Your RAM Information


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ free -h
               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7.7Gi       2.7Gi       3.5Gi       491Mi       2.3Gi       5.0Gi
Swap:             0B          0B          0B


8. Check Hard Disk Usage


ashish@ashish-Satellite-S55t-B:~$ df -h

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs           787M  1.7M  786M   1% /run
/dev/sda3       384G  8.2G  356G   3% /
tmpfs           3.9G  8.1M  3.9G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           5.0M   12K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs           787M  2.6M  785M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sda4       346G   77G  269G  23% /media/ashish/3430C20E30C1D750
/dev/sda2       195G   50G  146G  26% /media/ashish/D81E89521E892B18

As we saw, it is a 10 years and 8 months old Toshiba laptop. And we are running Linux Mint on it.

Steps we used to boot up Linux Mint on this laptop

To boot a Toshiba laptop with Linux Mint, follow these steps:

🔹 Step 1: Create a Bootable USB Drive

On Windows

  1. Download Linux Mint ISO: Official Website

  2. Use Rufus to create a bootable USB:

    • Open Rufus → Select your USB drive.

    • Click "Select" and choose the Linux Mint ISO.

    • Set Partition Scheme:

      • MBR for BIOS/Legacy.

      • GPT for UEFI.

    • Click Start and wait.

On Linux

Use dd command:

bash
sudo dd if=/path/to/linuxmint.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M status=progress

(Replace /dev/sdX with your USB drive, e.g., /dev/sdb)

🔹 Step 2: Enter BIOS/UEFI

  1. Turn off your Toshiba laptop.

  2. Insert the bootable USB.

  3. Power on and immediately press F2 or ESC to enter BIOS.

  4. Navigate to Boot Options:

    • Set USB drive as the first boot device.

    • If using UEFI, disable Secure Boot (under Security tab).

    • If using Legacy Boot, enable CSM (Compatibility Support Module).

  5. Save & Exit (F10).

🔹 Step 3: Boot into Linux Mint Live

  1. Your laptop should now boot into Linux Mint Live USB.

  2. Select "Start Linux Mint".

  3. If the screen stays black, press e at the GRUB menu and add nomodeset at the end of the line starting with linux.

🔹 Step 4: Install Linux Mint

  1. Click "Install Linux Mint" on the desktop.

  2. Follow the setup:

    • Choose language, keyboard, time zone.

    • Select "Erase disk and install Linux Mint" (or choose manual partitioning if needed).

    • Set username & password.

  3. Click "Install Now" and wait for it to finish.

🔹 Step 5: Reboot and Remove USB

  1. Once installation is done, click Restart.

  2. Remove the USB when prompted.

  3. Linux Mint should now boot! 🎉

🔹 Troubleshooting

1️⃣ Can't boot from USB?

  • Check Boot Mode (UEFI/Legacy) in BIOS.

  • Ensure Secure Boot is disabled.

  • Try a different USB port.

2️⃣ Black screen after boot?

  • At the GRUB menu, press e, find the line starting with linux, and add:

    nginx
    nomodeset

    Then press F10 to boot.

Error we got while trying to install Ubuntu 24.10

Unable to locate IOAPIC for GSI 38

The error "unable to locate IOAPIC for GSI 38" usually occurs due to ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) or APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller) misconfiguration in the BIOS/UEFI or kernel settings. It often happens when running Linux on older hardware, virtual machines (like VirtualBox, VMware), or certain BIOS configurations.

🔹 Possible Fixes:

1️⃣ Boot with "noapic" or "nolapic" Option

Try booting your system with noapic or nolapic to disable APIC handling:

Temporary Fix (For One Boot Only)

  1. When the GRUB menu appears, highlight your Linux kernel entry.

  2. Press e to edit the boot parameters.

  3. Find the line starting with linux.

  4. Add noapic nolapic at the end of that line:

    bash
    linux /boot/vmlinuz-... ro quiet splash noapic nolapic

  5. Press Ctrl + X to boot with this setting.

Permanent Fix (Modify GRUB)

If this works, make it permanent:

bash
sudo nano /etc/default/grub

Find the line:

ini
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

Change it to:

ini
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash noapic nolapic"

Save and exit (Ctrl+X → Y → Enter), then update GRUB:

bash
sudo update-grub

Reboot and check if the issue is resolved.

2️⃣ Enable IOAPIC in BIOS

  • Restart your computer and enter BIOS/UEFI (usually by pressing F2, F12, Del, or Esc at startup).

  • Look for "APIC Mode", "IOAPIC", or "Advanced ACPI Configuration" settings.

  • Enable APIC/IOAPIC if disabled.

  • Save changes and reboot.

3️⃣ If Running in a Virtual Machine (VM)

If you're using VirtualBox or VMware, try these:

  • VirtualBox:

    • Open VirtualBox → Select VM → Settings → System → Enable I/O APIC.

  • VMware:

    • Open VMware Workstation → Edit VM settings → Processors → Enable "Virtualize APIC".

4️⃣ Check dmesg for More Clues

If the issue persists, run:

bash
dmesg | grep -i apic

It will show detailed logs related to APIC errors.

🔹 Summary

FixSteps
Boot with noapic nolapicEdit GRUB at boot or modify /etc/default/grub permanently.
Enable IOAPIC in BIOSCheck BIOS/UEFI settings and enable APIC.
If in a VMEnable I/O APIC in VirtualBox/VMware settings.
Check logsRun `dmesg
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