## The Biotech Boom: Why More Indian Students Are Heading Abroad Remember the scramble for vaccines during the pandemic? That moment wasn't just a health crisis; it was a spotlight on the incredible power of biotechnology. And it seems Indian students are taking notice, as a growing number are now choosing to pursue biotechnology degrees abroad. Biotech isn't just about vaccines anymore. It's a rapidly expanding field that's tackling some of the world's biggest challenges, from developing revolutionary gene therapies (fixing diseases at their root!) to creating new, more effective weight-loss drugs. With governments and big companies pouring more funds into this research, the opportunities are exploding. So, where are these aspiring scientists heading? The UK, US, Canada, and Australia are top choices, with Germany and Singapore also gaining popularity. In fact, nearly 40% of all Indian students going to the UK for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) degrees in the last couple of years chose biotech or life sciences – a truly significant trend. Experts say the COVID-19 pandemic was a huge turning point. Seeing mRNA vaccines developed so quickly, and understanding how rapid diagnostics and gene therapies work, made biotech scientists like Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman "modern heroes." This real-world impact inspired a new generation. Students aren't just looking for general biotech degrees. They're diving into exciting specializations like gene editing (think CRISPR!), synthetic biology (designing new biological systems), and computational biology (using computers to understand biology). Interest in these areas has nearly doubled in just a few years! Even agricultural biotech and pharmaceutical research are seeing a surge, especially from students in smaller cities with roots in farming or pharmacy. Interestingly, many of these students aren't just from traditional science backgrounds. We're seeing more engineers and computer science grads, often with impressive research projects or science competition wins under their belts. They're not just picking famous universities; they're looking for places with good research funding, access to cutting-edge labs, support for startups, and clear paths to jobs after graduation. Post-study work rights and financial aid like research assistantships are big factors in their decisions. How do they pay for it all? It's a mix: mostly education loans (60-70%), some scholarships (20-30%), and a bit of self-funding. The US is particularly attractive because of "assistantships" (where you work for the university and get paid or have tuition waived) and the STEM OPT extension, which lets them work for up to three years after graduating. Once they graduate, these students transition into exciting roles as research scientists, biomedical engineers, data specialists for biology (bioinformaticians), or even regulatory experts ensuring new treatments are safe. And the starting salaries are impressive, often ranging from $80,000 to $120,000 annually in North America and Europe. The message is clear: biotechnology is booming, and Indian students are at the forefront, ready to shape a healthier, more innovative future for us all.
Monday, July 7, 2025
Biotech Boom: Indian Students Go Global
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India's Travel Revolution: The Future is Faster, Greener, Smarter!
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## India's Travel Revolution: Faster, Greener, Smarter! Ever dreamt of zipping across cities in minutes or gliding up mountains effortlessly? Well, get ready, because India's Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, has unveiled a massive plan to completely transform how we travel! It's all about making journeys faster, greener, and safer, using cutting-edge technology. **Beyond Roads: New Ways to Move** This isn't just about building more highways. The plan includes some truly futuristic ideas: * **Hyperloop:** Imagine travelling in super-fast pods through special tubes – that's Hyperloop! Pilot projects are being considered for big cities like Delhi and Bengaluru. * **Electric Buses:** Forget noisy, polluting buses. India is testing a super-comfy, 135-seater electric bus in Nagpur that can hit speeds of 125 km/h and charge quickly. If successful, these will connect major cities like Delhi-Chandigarh and Mumbai-Pune. * **Ropeways & Cable Cars:** For those tough-to-reach hilly areas, think of scenic ropeways and cable cars. Work is already underway at 60 sites, including the famous Kedarnath! * **Funicular Railways:** These are like a mix of an elevator and a train, perfect for climbing steep slopes in mountainous regions. They're a game-changer for places where traditional roads are difficult. **Upgrading Our Highways** While new tech is exciting, our existing roads are also getting a huge facelift. The goal is to build 100 km of roads every single day! Our national highway network has already grown by 60% in the last decade, and plans are in motion to upgrade 25,000 km of two-lane roads into four-lane superhighways. This will not only make travel smoother but also significantly reduce the cost of moving goods around the country, boosting our economy. **Going Green for a Cleaner Future** This mobility revolution is also super eco-friendly: * **Flex-Fuel Vehicles:** Major car companies like Tata and Mahindra are on board to make cars that can run on cleaner fuels like ethanol (made from plants), reducing our dependence on expensive imported oil. * **Massive Tree Planting:** To combat pollution, there's a huge initiative to plant 25 crore (250 million) trees along highways. They're even creating a 'tree bank' to ensure that for every tree cut, five new ones are planted! **Safety First, Always!** Safety is a top priority. The government is using smart technology like drone surveillance and AI-powered monitoring systems to keep an eye on roads. Strong, three-foot road barriers are being installed, and hundreds of new roadside rest stops are being developed to ensure travellers have quality places to take a break. Minister Gadkari believes that in the coming year, Indian highways will be as good as the best in the world. This mega plan promises not just faster and cleaner travel, but also more jobs and significant investment, truly building India's future, one kilometre at a time!
The 108kg RTI: Transparency or Tactic?
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## Buried Under Paper: An Activist's Fight for Transparency Turns Bizarre Imagine asking for some information from the government... and getting buried under a literal mountain of paper! That's exactly what happened to Pankaj Arora, a dedicated activist in Haryana, India, whose pursuit of transparency has taken a truly bizarre turn. Pankaj, a local bookshop owner, filed a Right to Information (RTI) application with the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). He wasn't just curious; he wanted to see details about government contracts (tenders), how staff were hired, and how public money was being spent. He suspected something wasn't right – a "multi-crore scam," he alleged. What he received in return was nothing short of astonishing: a staggering **37,443 pages of documents**, weighing over **108 kilograms**! To get this information, Pankaj had to pay a hefty fee of Rs 80,000. Yet, he claims, the department never even cashed his cheque and demand draft. Pankaj's frustration is palpable. He says thousands of the pages are completely useless, just copies of agreements he never asked for, while the crucial details he *did* ask for – like specific tender processes, GST payments, and audit reports – are missing. He believes this "information overload" is a deliberate tactic to hide alleged financial irregularities and discourage him. The PHED, through Executive Engineer Sumit Garg, defends their actions. They state they provided information "as per the RTI application" and that compiling nearly 40,000 pages took significant effort. Regarding the uncashed payment, Garg claims the issue arose because the payment was made in the name of Pankaj's businesses, not his personal name. They also dismissed his request for digital copies, saying he didn't specifically ask for them. This isn't just about one man and a pile of paper. It raises serious questions about how transparent our government truly is. Is this a deliberate tactic to overwhelm and discourage citizens from asking tough questions? If getting basic information means being buried under a literal ton of paper, how can ordinary people hold authorities accountable? Pankaj Arora isn't giving up. He's taken his fight to the State Information Commission, hoping they will intervene. He believes this is a record-breaking response, designed to intimidate activists. But for now, he remains determined to uncover the truth, no matter how many pages it's buried under.
Debt Bomb: Invest Smart, Not Scared
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## Is the World's Debt Bomb Ticking? What It Means for Your Investments Imagine a country owing so much money that just the interest payments are more than its entire defense budget. That's the reality for the United States right now, with its national debt soaring to a staggering $36 trillion – a level not seen since the end of World War II. This isn't just America's problem; it's a ticking global time bomb, and yes, India is well within its blast radius. **The Debt Spiral Explained** So, how did we get here? Decades of unchecked spending, tax cuts, and popular political moves have bloated the US balance sheet. Now, the US central bank is trying to fight rising prices (inflation) by increasing interest rates. But here's the catch: higher interest rates make it less attractive for big investors, like China and Japan, to lend money to the US. This forces America to borrow at even higher rates, leading to more debt and even bigger interest payments. It's a vicious cycle, and the illusion that the US has everything under control is fading fast. Every time the interest rates on long-term US government bonds hit new highs, we in emerging markets like India feel the heat. Why? Because global money tends to rush towards the US, seen as a safer haven, leaving other markets vulnerable. **India's Connection** India, like the rest of the world, is deeply connected to this global financial system through trade and investments. We've seen the impact before: in 2008 during the global financial crisis, and again in 2013 and 2022, foreign investors quickly pulled their money out of India. When the US dollar strengthens, our Rupee weakens, making imports more expensive, pushing up Indian bond yields, and causing our stock markets to tremble. Our stock market's total value, compared to our economy, is already flashing a warning sign. While India's economy is much stronger today – thanks to a disciplined central bank, healthy reserves, and strong consumer spending – we can't afford to be complacent. This time, the US doesn't have the easy option of just printing more money to solve its problems, a trick that helped in 2008. The "monster" of debt has grown too big. **What Smart Investors Are Doing** If you're an investor, this isn't the time to gamble. It's time to rethink your strategy. Here's what smart money is doing: * **Investing in Gold and Silver:** These precious metals historically perform well when traditional currencies are under pressure. Silver, in particular, is often undervalued. * **Choosing Quality Stocks:** Focus on big, stable companies that can handle rising costs and have strong finances. * **Using Smart Funds:** Consider funds that automatically adjust your investments based on market conditions, managing risk intelligently. * **Cutting Down on Borrowed Money:** Avoid using loans to invest, as this magnifies your risk. **What to Avoid:** * **Risky, Trendy Stocks:** These are the first to crash when markets panic. * **Too Much in Small Companies or Leveraged Positions:** These can amplify your losses. * **Blindly Following Fads:** Don't invest just because everyone else is; understand the basics first. The fuse is lit. Debt is a silent thief, slowly eroding future prosperity. Markets don't punish those who are careful; they punish those who are late. Smart money moves early – it doesn't panic, it prepares. So, stay ahead, stay sharp, and most importantly, stay invested wisely, not exposed to unnecessary risks.
Devbhoomi Just Got Closer: Uttarakhand's Connectivity Boom
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## Uttarakhand's Big Leap: How New Roads, Rails, and Ropes are Transforming the Devbhoomi! Get ready, travelers and pilgrims! Uttarakhand, often called the "Devbhoomi" (Land of Gods), is on the cusp of a massive transformation. Under the leadership of Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami, the state has made huge strides in connecting its remote corners by road, rail, air, and even ropeways over the last four years. And the biggest news? The much-anticipated Delhi-Dehradun Expressway is almost ready to open! This isn't just about faster travel; it's about unlocking Uttarakhand's immense tourism potential and making life easier for its residents. **Zooming Ahead on Roads** The Delhi-Dehradun Expressway is a true game-changer. Once operational, it will cut travel time between Delhi and Dehradun to a mere two and a half hours! Imagine, a quick weekend getaway to the hills without the long, tiring drive. This impressive 20 km stretch includes a long elevated road and a tunnel near the Datkali temple, showcasing modern engineering at its best. But it's not just the big highways. The state has also focused on improving rural connectivity. With strong support from both the Central and State governments, over 4,500 km of rural roads have been built, connecting nearly 200 villages that previously lacked proper access. Plus, significant funds have been approved to upgrade existing rural roads, ensuring smoother journeys for everyone. **Soaring Skies and Speeding Rails** Reaching the hills is also getting easier by air. The Chief Minister's 'Udan Khatola' (Flying Chair) scheme, along with the Central Government's UDAN scheme, has brought helicopter services to many hill districts. New heliports have popped up across the state, making it easier to reach places like Sahastradhara, Srinagar, and Pithoragarh. There are even concrete plans to upgrade Jolly Grant and Pantnagar airports to international standards, opening up Uttarakhand to the world! On the railway front, the ambitious 125-km Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway line is speeding towards completion by 2026. This will be a boon for pilgrims and tourists heading deeper into the Himalayas. Plus, surveys are underway for new lines to places like Tanakpur-Bageshwar and even towards Gangotri-Yamunotri, promising even more rail connectivity in the future. **Ropeway Wonders** Perhaps the most exciting development for accessing remote, scenic, and pilgrimage sites is the massive push for ropeways. Under the 'Parvatmala' project, a whopping 39 ropeway projects are underway! These will connect major pilgrimage sites like Kedarnath and Hemkund Sahib, and popular tourist spots like Auli and Mussoorie. Imagine gliding over breathtaking landscapes, reaching your destination with ease and enjoying unparalleled views! As Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami puts it, the government is committed to developing all modes of transportation. This comprehensive approach will not only improve travel for people in remote areas but also give a massive boost to tourism, inviting more visitors to experience the unparalleled beauty and spiritual serenity of Uttarakhand. Get ready to explore the Devbhoomi like never before!
Unlock Your Calm: 9 Dalai Lama Habits for Students
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## Unlock Your Calm: 9 Daily Habits Students Can Learn from the Dalai Lama Hey students! Feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or just a bit scattered? Imagine having a calmer mind and sharper focus. While you might not be able to escape to a mountain monastery, you *can* borrow incredible wisdom from one of the world's most peaceful figures: the Dalai Lama. His daily routine offers simple habits that can transform your student life. Ready to boost your brainpower and find inner calm? Let's explore! ### 9 Habits for a Calmer, Sharper You: 1. **Start with Quiet Time:** The Dalai Lama meditates early. You can adapt this by dedicating just 5-10 minutes each morning to quiet breathing or silent reflection. This settles your mind, preparing you for the day ahead. 2. **Read with Purpose:** He studies deeply. For you, this means focused reading – whether academic material or meaningful literature. It strengthens your attention span and develops critical thinking. 3. **Practice Daily Kindness:** "If you want to be happy, practice compassion." Commit to one small act daily, like helping a classmate or expressing appreciation. It reduces your stress and builds emotional intelligence. 4. **Live in the Moment:** Mindfulness is central to his practice. Focus entirely on current activities during meals, walks, or study. This improves memory retention and reduces anxiety. 5. **Clear Your Mind Through Writing:** Self-inquiry is key. Keep a simple daily journal to record thoughts and challenges. This eliminates mental clutter and helps process difficult emotions. 6. **Develop Emotional Patience:** Patience is a core virtue. Before reacting emotionally to frustration with professors or grades, pause. This develops emotional regulation and improves communication. 7. **Connect with Your Deeper Purpose:** His life shows service-driven purpose. Regularly remind yourself why education matters beyond grades. Reflect on long-term aspirations to sustain resilience. 8. **Include Regular Movement:** Daily walking and stretching are part of his routine. Take brief walking breaks between study periods. This enhances cognitive function and maintains optimal brain performance. 9. **Create Digital Boundaries:** He avoids excessive distractions for mental clarity. Establish screen time limits and designate tech-free periods each evening. This promotes mental clarity and self-reflection. Adopting these habits isn't about becoming a monk; they're powerful practices for your busy student life. By embracing even a few, you can cultivate a calmer mind, sharper focus, and a more fulfilling academic journey. Give them a try – your future self will thank you!
English Lit: Your Career Superpower!
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## Beyond the Bookshelf: How English Literature Opens Doors to Awesome Careers! Ever heard someone say an English Literature degree is "just for teaching" or "only for reading old books"? Well, get ready to have your mind blown! While those are certainly options, studying English Lit is far from a narrow path. It's actually a secret weapon for a huge variety of exciting careers in today's world. **More Than Just Reading** Think of English Literature not just as studying old texts, but as an incredible journey into how humans express themselves, how cultures are built, and how stories shape our understanding of everything. You'll dive into novels, poetry, plays, essays, and critical ideas, gaining a deep appreciation for different cultures, historical influences, and the power of words. But it's not just about what you read; it's about the skills you gain. An English Lit degree helps you sharpen your mind, boost your creativity, and master the art of communication. You learn to think critically, adapt quickly, imagine new solutions, and express yourself clearly and persuasively – skills that are gold in *any* job. **Surprising Career Paths You Can Explore:** 1. **Education:** Beyond being a teacher (which is a fantastic and impactful role!), you could help design school curriculums, create language programs, or even influence education policy. 2. **Publishing:** Love words and details? You could be editing books, proofreading, developing content, or evaluating manuscripts for publishing houses, academic presses, or online platforms. You literally help shape what people read! 3. **Media & Journalism:** The world needs great storytellers. English Lit grads shine as reporters, columnists, editors, or content strategists for news outlets, TV channels, and online media. Your ability to research, think analytically, and write compellingly makes you invaluable. 4. **Creative Writing:** Got a story burning inside you? This degree is your launchpad to becoming an author, screenwriter for movies and TV shows (think Netflix!), playwright, or even a lyricist. The entertainment industry constantly seeks talented wordsmiths. 5. **Digital Marketing:** Surprising, right? But digital marketing is all about *stories* and connecting with people. English Lit grads make excellent content creators, SEO specialists, copywriters for ads, and social media strategists, helping brands tell their story online. 6. **Language & Global Roles:** In our increasingly connected world, language experts are in high demand. If you're good with languages, you could work as a translator, interpreter, or localization specialist for embassies, multinational companies, or government organizations, bridging communication gaps across cultures. **Your Future, Unwritten** At its heart, English Literature teaches you about life through language. It refines your intellect, broadens your perspective, and ignites your creativity. In an age where clear communication, cultural awareness, and creative thinking are key to professional success, this discipline offers an invaluable toolkit. So, if you're passionate about stories, ideas, and making an impact, an English Literature degree might just be your ticket to a truly fulfilling and diverse career.
Mobile Bill Shock: Prices Set to Soar
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## Your Mobile Bill Could Be Going Up Get ready, folks, because your monthly mobile phone bill might be about to get a little more expensive. Industry experts predict a price hike of 10-12% by the end of the year, primarily affecting those with mid-range and higher-priced plans. This isn't just some random prediction; it's based on some significant changes in the mobile market. May saw a massive surge in active mobile users – a record 7.4 million new users, the fifth month in a row of growth. This huge increase in subscribers has given telecom companies the confidence to raise prices again. Think of it like this: more people using the network means more demand, and companies often respond to increased demand by increasing prices. The last time mobile prices went up (July 2024), base plans increased by 11-23%. While this upcoming increase might not be as dramatic, it's still a noticeable jump, especially for those already feeling the pinch. There's concern that another price hike could lead to people switching providers, but analysts believe that targeting mid-to-high-end users will minimize this effect. This time around, we might see a more tiered pricing system. This means you could get less data for the same price, encouraging you to buy additional data packs. Essentially, you might pay more for the same amount of data, or you might have to pay extra to maintain your current data usage. Why are prices going up now? Part of it is the sheer number of new users. But it's also because the market is consolidating. Companies like Reliance Jio and Bharti Airtel are gaining market share, and this success gives them more leverage to increase prices. The expansion of 5G is also playing a role, as people upgrade to faster networks. While the lower-end plans are already feeling the pressure from previous price increases, this next round of hikes will likely focus on those with more expensive plans. This strategy aims to encourage consolidation within the market rather than widespread customer churn. Essentially, the companies are hoping that people will continue to pay the higher prices rather than switch providers. The bottom line? Prepare for potentially higher mobile bills later this year. While the exact increase remains uncertain, it's wise to start budgeting accordingly and consider your mobile usage to see if you can adjust your plan to minimize the impact of any price increase.
Sunday, July 6, 2025
Haryana unveils ₹15,000 crore Rapid Rail Plan connecting Gurugram to Greater Noida
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Gurugram, India: In a significant boost to regional connectivity within the National Capital Region (NCR), the Haryana government is reportedly advancing plans for an ambitious ₹15,000 crore high-speed train corridor. This transformative project aims to link Gurugram to Greater Noida, with a crucial stop in Faridabad, promising to drastically cut travel times and unlock new avenues for economic development across the region.
The proposed high-speed rail line is envisioned as a critical artery for commuters and businesses alike, connecting three major urban and industrial hubs. Gurugram, a prominent financial and technology hub; Faridabad, a key industrial city; and Greater Noida, an emerging educational and industrial center, are all set to benefit from this ultra-modern transportation link. The project underscores Haryana's commitment to developing world-class infrastructure that supports rapid urbanization and seamless inter-city movement.
While details on the project's timeline and specific technological specifications are still emerging, the sheer scale of the investment signals a strong intent to implement a state-of-the-art rail system. Such high-speed corridors are instrumental in decongesting existing road networks, reducing pollution, and fostering a more integrated economic landscape by bringing distant areas closer in terms of travel time. This initiative aligns with India's broader vision of enhancing its rail infrastructure to meet the demands of a growing economy and population.
"The proposed ₹15,000 crore high-speed rail link connecting Gurugram, Faridabad, and Greater Noida is a game-changer for the NCR's urban development," stated Mrs. Mamta Shah, MD & CEO, Urban Infra Group. "This project is not just about faster travel; it's about creating a more cohesive economic zone, attracting investments, and significantly improving the quality of life for millions of commuters. Such regional high-speed corridors are essential for unlocking the full potential of our metropolitan areas and setting new benchmarks for integrated urban mobility."
The development of this high-speed corridor is expected to spur further growth in real estate, commercial activities, and industrial development along its route. It will also provide a much-needed alternative to road travel, which is often plagued by heavy traffic congestion in the NCR. As India continues to invest heavily in modernizing its transportation backbone, projects like the Gurugram-Greater Noida high-speed train are pivotal in transforming regional connectivity and fostering sustainable urban growth. The successful implementation of this project could serve as a blueprint for similar high-speed inter-city connections across other densely populated corridors in the country.
Dated: May 2025
Thursday, July 3, 2025
The AI Revolution - Are You an Early Adopter, Follower, or Naysayer?
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Course Link In May 2025, Microsoft laid off 7,000 employees, which was 3% of their total workforce. However, immediately after, they made an announcement that shook the corporate world: they are going to spend $80 billion this year on AI infrastructure. Not over the next 5 or 8 years, but $80 billion within 12 months on AI data centers. This news should be very important for all of us, because this is a sign of the changes that are coming in the next 5-10 years. In this video, we will talk about perhaps the biggest transformation of our generation: Generative AI and Machine Learning. ## What's Happening Around Generative AI and Why It's So Important Research is throwing up a lot of statistics. Recently, I was reading a research report which said that AI could potentially remove 300 million jobs across the world, which is around 9-10% of the total jobs that are currently available. Because of this, many people are scared that jobs will be lost and AI will take our jobs. However, the same fear was present when computers arrived, when smartphones arrived, when industrialization happened, and when the internet arrived. The same fear is being felt today. But I, being a technologist and an optimist, believe that this absolute event in global history is also perhaps the biggest opportunity for all of us. The World Economic Forum predicts that between 2023 and 2027, there will be a 40% increase in demand for AI and Machine Learning jobs. In fact, since 2019, when it felt like we didn't even know about AI, AI-related jobs have been increasing by an average of 21% annually, faster than most other jobs out there in the world. However, whenever there is such rapid movement, demand is very high, and supply is limited. I still remember when I was in school and college, ITES (IT Enabled Services) was blowing up. All our college students were in some call center or undergoing some training, and the demand was through the roof. You could walk into any call center interview, and your job was guaranteed, with amazing perks and a good lifestyle. You would get accent training for foreign languages, pick-up services, work in very good offices, and working hours were conducive, allowing you to study and work. It was a completely different era for 5 to 10 years. Then IT services came, and the same thing happened: people started going onsite to the US, UK, and Australia, earning in dollars and spending in rupees. It was a complete transformation. The same thing I can see happening in AI as well. The demand for jobs is so rapid that the supply cannot keep up. In fact, in the US alone, it's expected that AI jobs will reach 1.3 million opportunities, but skilled labor is only around 640,000, nearly half of the demand that is actually required. For India, I tried to find the same report and saw one that said by 2027, there will be a shortfall of 1 million jobs. This means there will be a requirement for 1 million AI jobs, but there won't be enough people if we don't start investing in skilling people right now. Microsoft's announcement is in that direction itself. Rat Smith, a senior leader at Microsoft, mentioned in an interview that AI is like the electricity of our generation or our age. Just like in 1900, electricity transformed everything, leading to industrialization, the light bulb, and people working longer hours, it changed the way we interacted with machines, and our jobs also changed accordingly. The same thing is going to happen with AI, where AI is ready to do so much day-to-day work, administrative work, and run-of-the-mill tasks, so that we can elevate our work and be far more useful in what we do, as against wasting time doing things that a machine or an LLM can do today. ## The Three Types of Reactions to Technological Shifts While researching for this video, I thought about technological shifts. In my time, I have seen two of them: one, which I will definitely say is the computer itself, because I was born in 1980, so I saw the computer revolution, at least to the point where we saw the internet become such a force and an enabler. And the second, I do believe, is the smartphone revolution in 2008-2009, when the iPhone was released, which also changed the industry so massively. So I have seen these two waves, and I see that AI is going to be perhaps the third wave, at least in my life. Whenever such a wave comes, there are three types of reactions and three types of people: 1. **Early Adopters:** These are the people who don't resist this change; they embrace it. They see that it's impossible for people not to use this, and it would be foolish to say that every person won't be using this tomorrow. It's almost like if I had said in 2005 that there would be a phone with which we could use the internet, and because of that, every person would have a computer in their pocket, and if you move in that direction, you will make brilliant careers, people would have laughed at me and said, 'What nonsense are you talking about? Nothing is going to happen. Let's just stay on our desktops, and we are happy there.' You would have missed the wave. But there were people who were like, 'We know what's happening. We can see what's happening in the US. The world is so connected now that news from there reaches here instantly. We can see what companies there are investing in.' I am telling you that Microsoft is going to spend $80 billion, and it's just one company, and it will be spent in just one year. So imagine how important AI will be for the entire technology world. So clearly, there is a direction. Then I was looking at this data: how long did it take these platforms to reach 100 million users? Netflix took 18 years, Spotify took 11 years, Twitter took 5 years, Facebook took 4.5 years, Instagram took 2.5 years, YouTube reached 100 million users within 1.5 years, TikTok reached it within 9 months, and ChatGPT had 100 million users within two months. Its average user base as of April 2025 is around 800 million, nearly 1 billion people. This means one out of seven people is using ChatGPT, a software that can replace the work of so many people and, of course, make work easier. This is the power, and you cannot deny it. So early adopters see these things. 2. **Followers:** What do followers do? They look at early adopters and say, 'These people are going there; let's go there too, because something is happening there.' I will give an example from my own life: I joined ISB when ISB was 5 years old, so I would call myself an early adopter. Today, someone who follows ISB after 20 years is a follower because they see that many people have gone to ISB, it's a very good school, and you get good money, etc., so they should go. So these are people who follow. It's not that they will not win, but it's possible that their outcome will be slightly less than that of the early adopters. 3. **Naysayers:** These are the people who don't believe that anything like this is going to happen. Even today, I meet people who say, 'AI will not replace humans. Take it in writing, my friend, within 50 years, you will see fewer humans and more AI. Our world will be around AI, and that will not be a scary or a bad world to be in. It will actually be, in my opinion, a more efficient world to live in, so that we have time for all the things that we, as humans, should have time for.' ## The Call to Action: Become an Early Adopter Why am I telling you all this? I am telling you this because I want you to become an early adopter. Being an early adopter doesn't mean that if you didn't use AI in 2021, 2022, or 2023, you are left behind. Now, it means that if you don't embrace this fully in the next 5 years, you are now going to either be a follower or a naysayer, the third category who will definitely be fired or laid off. To become an early adopter, what do you need to do? You essentially have to get skilled. Skilling is the most important thing. Of course, you can learn on your own, stumble, make mistakes, and achieve all this, but the truth is that this field is changing so rapidly and dynamically that getting professional help as soon as possible will be a better way to skill yourself. And that's why SimplyLearn offers the Professional Certificate Program in Generative AI or Generative AI and Machine Learning. The good thing is that this curriculum is actually designed by the E&ICT Academy of IIT Guwahati, so it comes from a very elite perspective and a certification that holds weight. It's an 11-month program, live, online, and interactive, so it's not self-paced where you learn on your own. And if you really see, which is where I spent time, what the learning path is, what things are covered, it actually covers everything that one needs to know about Generative AI and Machine Learning right now. I am talking about this program because SimplyLearn sponsored this video, but of course, the key is for you to recognize which course will be best for you when you want to step ahead and make the investment in your skilling around Generative AI and Machine Learning. In my experience and research, I found this course to be quite complete in what it covers, and of course, the backing it has from IIT Guwahati and the fact that it also comes from a recognized platform. I would encourage you to check out the course, see if it fits both your requirements, your aptitude, your budget, and then make a call. You will get certificates from both IIT Guwahati and IBM, who have also partnered for this course. So, the industry certification by IBM, there are also masterclasses by experts, and AMA sessions and hackathons so that whatever you learn, you can actually apply. ## The Market Potential and a Personal Anecdote The market size of Generative AI in 2022 was about $40 billion. In the next 10 years, it is expected to reach $1.3 trillion. That's an annual growth rate of 42%. If any investment is giving you a 42% annual growth rate, take it with your eyes closed. And in my head, this is the investment to make. If we talk about India, it is said that by 2025-2026, AI will have a positive impact of $100 billion on India's GDP. I joined Twitter in 2007. But at that time, I didn't take it seriously; it seemed like a very complicated platform. Who uses it? What kind of people are there? What do they talk about? etc. But in 2009-2010, there was a discussion on Twitter about something that people, especially in the tech world, especially in Silicon Valley, became very interested in. And I remember hearing about Bitcoin for the first time around that time. I thought it was nonsense. Now, did I have ₹10,000-₹20,000 to invest in Bitcoin at that point in time? Yes, but I didn't. Why? Because it was a technological shift where I was not an early adopter. In fact, I would argue I was a late follower because I bought my first Bitcoin around 2014-2015, and I actually became serious around 2019-2020. Yes, I am not a naysayer, but the point I am trying to make is, if I had invested ₹10,000 in Bitcoin in 2010 after seeing and reading everything on Twitter as an early follower, do you know what its value would be today? ₹2,370 crore. And even if I had lost that ₹10,000, I would not be poor today. That's the way you have to think about Generative AI and Machine Learning today. If you learn this, invest your time in it, and diligently try to improve your skills, you may have a completely different outcome in the next 5 to 10 years from what you can get today. But if, God forbid, for whatever reason, this whole Generative AI and Machine Learning hype doesn't pan out, you will still end up good. You won't lose anything; you won't be poor; you won't be lost in your life, because that's the power of being an early adopter. When you make a move, you end up learning something new that will set you off for life. The question is, how high will you go? You won't go down. So I will encourage you to take that leap forward, invest in learning about AI professionally from a skilled place, from a certified place, from a place of repute. And because this video is sponsored by SimplyLearn, I have presented you with one course option which you can evaluate, and I think it might suit your requirements very well.
Sunday, June 29, 2025
30 Interview Questions on AI Engineering (from the chapter "Introduction to Building AI Applications with Foundation Models")
To See All Interview Preparation Articles: Index For Interviews Preparation
Questions generated using DeepSeek
Generate 30 questions (10 easy, 10 medium, 10 complex) along with answers from this PDF
Here are 30 questions (10 Easy, 10 Medium, 10 Complex) based on the provided PDF content, along with their answers and page references:
Easy Questions
What term describes AI models like GPT-4 and Gemini?
Answer: Foundation Models.
Page: 9
What enables language models to scale into LLMs?
Answer: Self-supervision.
Page: 6
What are the two main types of language models?
Answer: Masked language models and autoregressive language models.
Page: 4
What is the basic unit of a language model?
Answer: Token.
Page: 3
Name one common AI engineering technique for adapting models.
Answer: Prompt engineering, RAG, or finetuning.
Page: 11
What is the most popular AI use case according to surveys?
Answer: Coding.
Page: 20
What does "human-in-the-loop" mean?
Answer: Involving humans in AI decision-making processes.
Page: 31
What metric measures the time to generate the first token?
Answer: TTFT (Time to First Token).
Page: 33
Which company launched the code-completion tool GitHub Copilot?
Answer: GitHub (owned by Microsoft).
Page: 20
What does LMM stand for?
Answer: Large Multimodal Model.
Page: 9
Medium Questions
Why do language models use tokens instead of words or characters?
Answer: Tokens reduce vocabulary size, handle unknown words, and capture meaningful components (e.g., "cook" + "ing").
Page: 4
How does self-supervision overcome data labeling bottlenecks?
Answer: It infers labels from input data (e.g., predicting next tokens in text), eliminating manual labeling costs.
Page: 6–7
What distinguishes foundation models from traditional task-specific models?
Answer: Foundation models are general-purpose, multimodal, and adaptable to diverse tasks.
Page: 10
What are the three factors enabling AI engineering's growth?
Answer: General-purpose AI capabilities, increased AI investments, and low entry barriers.
Page: 12–14
How did the MIT study (2023) show ChatGPT impacted writing tasks?
Answer: Reduced time by 40%, increased output quality by 18%, and narrowed skill gaps between workers.
Page: 23
What is the "Crawl-Walk-Run" framework for AI automation?
Answer:
Crawl: Human involvement mandatory.
Walk: AI interacts with internal employees.
Run: AI interacts directly with external users.
Page: 31
Why are internal-facing AI applications (e.g., knowledge management) deployed faster than external-facing ones?
Answer: Lower risks (data privacy, compliance, failures) while building expertise.
Page: 19
What challenge does AI's open-ended output pose for evaluation?
Answer: Lack of predefined ground truths makes measuring correctness difficult (e.g., for chatbots).
Page: 44
How did prompt engineering affect Gemini's MMLU benchmark performance?
Answer: Using CoT@32 (32 examples) instead of 5-shot boosted Gemini Ultra from 83.7% to 90.04%.
Page: 45
What are the three competitive advantages in AI startups?
Answer: Technology, data, and distribution.
Page: 32
Complex Questions
Why do larger models require more training data?
Answer: Larger models have higher capacity to learn; more data maximizes performance (not efficiency).
Page: 8
Explain how AI engineering workflows differ from traditional ML engineering.
Answer:
ML Engineering: Data → Model → Product.
AI Engineering: Product → Data → Model (due to pre-trained models enabling rapid iteration).
Page: 47 (Figure 1-16)
What ethical concern arises from AI-generated SEO content farms?
Answer: Proliferation of low-quality, automated content risks degrading trust in online information.
Page: 24
How did Goldman Sachs Research quantify AI investment growth by 2025?
Answer: $100B in the US and $200B globally.
Page: 13
What inference optimization challenges exist for autoregressive models?
Answer: Sequential token generation causes high latency (e.g., 100 tokens take ~1 second at 10ms/token).
Page: 43
Why might GPU vendor restrictions pose a "fatal" risk for AI products?
Answer: Bans on GPU sales (e.g., due to regulations) can cripple compute-dependent applications overnight.
Page: 35
How does the "data flywheel" create a competitive moat for AI startups?
Answer: Early market entry gathers usage data → insights improve products → attracts more users → reinforces data advantage.
Page: 32 (Footnote 21)
Contrast pre-training, finetuning, and post-training.
Answer:
Pre-training: Training from scratch (random weights).
Finetuning: Adapting a pre-trained model (application-level).
Post-training: Further training by model developers (e.g., instruction-tuning).
Page: 41–42
What are the three layers of the AI engineering stack?
Answer:
Application development (prompts, interfaces).
Model development (training, datasets, optimization).
Infrastructure (serving, compute, monitoring).
Page: 37
How did the 2023 Eloundou et al. study measure "AI exposure" in occupations?
Answer: % of tasks where AI reduces completion time by ≥50%. Fully exposed jobs included mathematicians, tax preparers, and web designers.
Page: 17
These questions and answers comprehensively cover key concepts, use cases, and technical nuances from Chapter 1 of the provided text.
Clocip KZ Soap (75g)
Index of Medicines
Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm Composition CETRIMIDE-0.5%W/W + KETOCONAZOLE-2%W/W Manufacturer/Marketer Cipla Health Ltd Consume Type TOPICAL About Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm belongs to the class of antifungal agents. Soap is used to treat fungal infections of the skin. The lotion is used to treat dandruff. Fungal infection is a skin disease in which a fungus attacks the tissue and causes infection. Dandruff is a scalp condition characterized by dry, itchy, white flakes of skin on the scalp. Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm is a combination of two drugs, namely: Cetrimide (antiseptic) and Ketoconazole (antifungal). Cetrimide works by preventing the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Ketoconazole works by damaging the fungal cell membranes that are essential for their survival. Together they help to treat fungal infections of the skin and also dandruff. Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm is for external use only. Use Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm as advised by your doctor. Some people may experience skin irritation, dry skin, burning sensation, or skin rash. Most of these side effects of Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm do not require medical attention and gradually resolve over time. However, if the side effects persist or worsen, please consult your doctor. If you are allergic to Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm or any other medicines, please tell your doctor. If you are pregnant or a nursing mother, it is advised to consult a doctor before using Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm . Avoid scratching the scalp as it may worsen dandruff. Cover your head with a scarf or hat while going out. You are recommended to drink plenty of water as hydrating the body may reduce the number of flakes on the scalp, thus decreasing the appearance of dandruff. Uses of Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm Treatment of Fungal skin infections and dandruff Directions for Use Soap: Use it as advised by a doctor. Check the label for directions before use. Wet the body with water and rub soap gently to produce a rich lather. Leave it for few minutes and then wash thoroughly with water.Lotion: Use it as advised by a doctor. It is for use on the scalp only. Check the label for directions before using it. Key Benefits Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm contains Cetrimide and Ketoconazole used to treat fungal infections of the skin and dandruff. Cetrimide is an antiseptic that prevents the growth of micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Ketoconazole is an antifungal that works by damaging the fungal cell membranes that are essential for their survival. Together they help to treat fungal infections of the skin and also dandruff. Thus, provides relief from a flaky and itchy scalp. How Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm Works Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm is a combination of two drugs, namely: Cetrimide (antiseptic) and Ketoconazole (antifungal). Cetrimide works by preventing the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Ketoconazole works by damaging the fungal cell membranes that are essential for their survival. Together they help to treat fungal infections of the skin and also dandruff. What if I have taken an overdose of Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm An overdose is unlikely due to low systemic absorption. However, seek medical attention if you experience any unusual symptoms. Drug Warnings If you are allergic to Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm or any other medicines, please tell your doctor. If you are pregnant or a nursing mother, it is advised to consult a doctor before using Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm . Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm is for external use only. Avoid contact of Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm with nose, mouth or eyes. In case Clocip KZ Soap 75 gm comes in contact with these areas accidentally, rinse with water thoroughly. Avoid scratching the scalp as it may worsen dandruff. Cover your head with a scarf or hat while going out. You are recommended to drink plenty of water as hydrating the body may reduce the number of flakes on the scalp, thus decreasing the appearance of dandruff. Diet & Lifestyle Advise Regularly wash your hair with anti-dandruff shampoo. Use conditioners, shampoos and other products containing tea tree oil as they might help relieve itching. Avoid using hair products containing harsh chemicals such as alcohol and bleach as they may dry out the scalp. Avoid oily hair products that can build up on the scalp. Avoid sharing pillow covers with others and change them every 2 to 3 days. Spend a few minutes in the sun every day as some evidence suggests that exposure to ultraviolet light can help control dandruff. Manage stress with yoga, meditation, deep breathing and other relaxation techniques. Habit Forming: No Therapeutic Class: ANTIFUNGALS - TOPICAL
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