survival8

Sunday, May 8, 2022

Amlokind 5 Tablet

Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker. It works by affecting the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels. This relaxes the blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, and increases the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload.

Amlokind 5 Tablet
Prescription Required

MANUFACTURER
Mankind Pharma Ltd

SALT COMPOSITION
Amlodipine (5mg)

STORAGE
Store below 30°C

INTRODUCTION

Amlokind 5 Tablet belongs to a class of medicines known as calcium channel blockers. It is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and prevent angina (heart-related chest pain). It lowers blood pressure and reduces the heart's workload, which helps prevent heart attacks and strokes.

Amlokind 5 Tablet may be prescribed alone or along with other medicines. The dose depends on what you are taking it for and the severity of your condition. You can take it at any time of the day, with or without food, but it is best to take it at about the same time each day. You should take this medicine for as long as it is prescribed for you. Even if you feel well, do not stop this medicine on your own because high blood pressure often has no symptoms. If you stop taking it, your condition may get worse. Keeping yourself active with regular exercise, managing your weight, and eating a healthy diet will also help control your blood pressure.

The most common side effects include headache, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and sleepiness. Consult your doctor if any of these side effects bother you or do not go away. They may be able to suggest ways to prevent or reduce the side effects.

Before taking it, let your doctor know if you have any liver, heart, or kidney problems. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also consult their doctor before taking this medicine. You also need to tell your doctor about all the other medicines you are taking, especially those used to treat high blood pressure or heart conditions. You should have your blood pressure checked regularly to make sure that this medicine is working properly.

USES OF AMLOKIND TABLET

Treatment of Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Prevention of Angina (heart-related chest pain)

BENEFITS OF AMLOKIND TABLET

In Treatment of Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Amlokind 5 Tablet works by relaxing the blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily around your body. This lowers your blood pressure and reduces your risk of having a stroke, a heart attack, or kidney problems in the future. You do not usually feel any direct benefit from taking this medicine, but it works in the long term to keep you well. You should take it regularly as prescribed for this medicine to be most effective, even if you feel better.

In Prevention of Angina (heart-related chest pain)

Amlokind 5 Tablet relaxes the blood vessels and improves blood flow around your body. This means that more oxygen gets to your heart and reduces the risk of getting chest pain (angina). This medicine should not be used to treat chest pain which is already happening. It is used to prevent or reduce the frequency of angina attacks. This medicine needs to be taken regularly as prescribed for it to work effectively. So, it is important to keep taking it even if you feel well and have no symptoms.

SIDE EFFECTS OF AMLOKIND TABLET

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them
Common side effects of Amlokind:
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Sleepiness

HOW TO USE AMLOKIND TABLET

Take this medicine in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor. Swallow it as a whole. Do not chew, crush or break it. Amlokind 5 Tablet may be taken with or without food, but it is better to take it at a fixed time.

HOW AMLOKIND TABLET WORKS

Amlokind 5 Tablet is a calcium channel blocker.

In high blood pressure, it normalizes the blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels to reduce the pressure on them, thereby improving the blood flow in the body.

In heart-related chest pain (angina), the enhanced blood flow in the body relaxes the heart muscles by reducing the workload on the heart. It also improves the oxygen flow in the body, thereby, preventing any heart-related chest pain.

Quick tips

1. You have been prescribed Amlokind 5 Tablet to improve your blood pressure and/or to reduce the number and severity of angina attacks.
2. Lowering blood pressure reduces the chance of future heart attack and stroke.
3. Take it at the same time every day to help you remember to take it.
4. A sudden drop in your blood pressure may occur, especially when you first start taking Amlokind 5 Tablet. To lower the chance of feeling dizzy or passing out, rise 5. slowly if you have been sitting or lying down.
6. It can cause ankle or foot swelling. To reduce the swelling, raise your legs while you are sitting down. Talk to your doctor if it does not go away.
7. It may cause dizziness. Do not drive or perform any activity that requires mental focus until you know how Amlokind 5 Tablet affects you.
8. Inform your doctor if you are pregnant, planning a pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Fact Box

Chemical Class
Dihydropyridinecarboxylic acids derivatives

Habit Forming
No

Therapeutic Class
CARDIAC

Action Class
Calcium channel blockers- Dihydropyridines (DHP)

Petril Beta 20 Tablet

Prescription Required

Manufacturer
Micro Labs Ltd

SALT COMPOSITION
Clonazepam (0.25 mg) + Propranolol (20 mg)

Storage
Store below 30°C

Introduction

Petril Beta 10 Tablet is a prescription medicine used to treat anxiety disorder. It calms the brain by decreasing the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells. It blocks the action of certain chemical messengers on the heart and blood vessels. This reduces heart rate and blood pressure.

Petril Beta 10 Tablet should be taken on an empty stomach. However, it is advised to take it at the same time each day as this helps to maintain a consistent level of medicine in the body. Take this medicine in the dose and duration advised by your doctor as it has high habit-forming potential. If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as you remember. Finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better. It is important not to stop taking this medicine suddenly as it may cause withdrawal symptoms. Avoid consuming alcohol while taking this medicine as this may reduce its effectiveness.

Some common side effects of this medicine include confusion, memory impairment, slow heart rate, tiredness, and nightmare. It may also cause dizziness and sleepiness. So, do not drive or do anything that requires mental focus until you know how this medicine affects you. It is important to inform your doctor if you develop any unusual changes in mood or depression as this medicine may cause suicidal thoughts.

Take caution while taking medicine if you are suffering from liver disease. Your doctor should also know about all other medicines you are taking as many of these may make this medicine less effective or change the way it works. Inform your doctor if you are pregnant, planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding.

Uses of Petril Beta Tablet
Treatment of Anxiety disorder

Benefits of Petril Beta Tablet

In Treatment of Anxiety disorder
Petril Beta 10 Tablet stops your brain from releasing the chemicals that make you feel anxious so it can reduce the symptoms of excessive anxiety and worry. It can also reduce feelings of restlessness, tiredness, difficulty concentrating, feeling irritable and sleep problems that often come with Generalised Anxiety Disorder.

Petril Beta 10 Tablet will therefore help you go about your daily activities more easily and be more productive. Keep taking this medicine even if you feel well. Stopping suddenly can cause serious problems.

Side effects of Petril Beta Tablet

Confusion
Memory impairment
Drowsiness
Slow heart rate
Tiredness
Uncoordinated body movements
Nightmares
Cold extremities

How Petril Beta Tablet works

Petril Beta 10 Tablet is a combination of two medicines: Clonazepam and Propranolol.

Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine. It works by increasing the action of GABA, a chemical messenger which suppresses the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells in brain.

Propranolol is a beta blocker which blocks the action of certain chemical messengers on the heart and blood vessels. This reduces heart rate, blood pressure, and strain on the heart.

Safety advice

Alcohol
UNSAFE
It is unsafe to consume alcohol with Petril Beta 10 Tablet.

Driving
UNSAFE
Petril Beta 10 Tablet may cause side effects which could affect your ability to drive.

Liver
CAUTION
Petril Beta 10 Tablet should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. Dose adjustment of Petril Beta 10 Tablet may be needed. Please consult your doctor.
Regular monitoring of blood pressure is advisable for dose adjustment.

Quick tips

1. Petril Beta 10 Tablet is used for the treatment of anxiety.

2. It can take a week or two after starting this treatment before the effect begins to build up, and 4-6 weeks before you feel the full benefit. Do not stop taking it after a week or two, feeling it is not helping.

3. Do not stop taking Petril Beta 10 Tablet unless your doctor tells you to do so. Stopping treatment suddenly can cause problems and your doctor will probably want you to reduce your dose gradually when this becomes necessary.

4. Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Get up slowly and steady yourself to prevent a fall.

5. If you are due to have an operation or dental treatment, it is important to tell the person carrying out the treatment that you are taking.

6. Try to keep your regular appointments with your doctor. This is so your doctor can check on your progress.

7. Petril Beta 10 Tablet is used for the treatment of anxiety.

8. It can take a week or two after starting this treatment before the effect begins to build up, and 4-6 weeks before you feel the full benefit. Do not stop taking it after a week or two, feeling it is not helping.

9. It can take a week or two after starting this treatment before the effect begins to build up, and 4-6 weeks before you feel the full benefit. Do not stop taking it after a week or two, feeling it is not helping.

10. Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Get up slowly and steady yourself to prevent a fall.

11. If you are due to have an operation or dental treatment, it is important to tell the person carrying out the treatment that you are taking.

12. Try to keep your regular appointments with your doctor. This is so your doctor can check on your progress.

Fact Box

Habit Forming
Yes

Therapeutic Class
NEURO CNS

Petril Plus Tablet

Prescription Required

Manufacturer
Micro Labs Ltd

SALT COMPOSITION
Clonazepam (0.5mg) + Escitalopram Oxalate (10mg)

Storage
Store below 30°C

Introduction

Petril Plus Tablet is a prescription medicine used to treat anxiety disorder. It is the combination medicine that calms the brain by decreasing the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells. It also works by increasing the level of a chemical messenger in the brain which improves mood.

Petril Plus Tablet can be taken with or without food. However, it is advised to take it at the same time each day as this helps to maintain a consistent level of medicine in the body. Take this medicine in the dose and duration advised by your doctor as it has habit-forming potential. If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as you remember. Finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better. It is important not to stop taking this medicine suddenly as it may cause withdrawal symptoms.

Some common side effects of this medicine include delayed ejaculation, low sexual desire, vomiting, memory impairment, depression, and confusion. It may also cause dizziness and sleepiness. So, do not drive or do anything that requires mental focus until you know how this medicine affects you. It may cause weight gain or weight loss depending upon person to person. To prevent weight gain, you can eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly. On the other hand, weight loss can be prevented by increasing food portions in your diet. It is important to inform your doctor if you develop any unusual changes in mood as it can cause suicidal thoughts.

Uses of Petril Plus Tablet
Treatment of Anxiety disorder

Benefits of Petril Plus Tablet

In Treatment of Anxiety disorder

Petril Plus Tablet stops your brain from releasing the chemicals that make you feel anxious so it can reduce the symptoms of excessive anxiety and worry. It can also reduce feelings of restlessness, tiredness, difficulty concentrating, feeling irritable and sleep problems that often come with Generalised Anxiety Disorder. Petril Plus Tablet will therefore help you go about your daily activities more easily and be more productive. Keep taking this medicine even if you feel well. Stopping suddenly can cause serious problems.

Side effects of Petril Plus Tablet

Delayed ejaculation
Confusion
Vomiting
Memory impairment
Drowsiness
Tiredness
Anorgasmia (decreased orgasm)
Low sexual desire
Nausea
Diarrhea
Uncoordinated body movements

How Petril Plus Tablet works

Petril Plus Tablet is a combination of two medicines: Clonazepam and escitalopram, which has anxiety-lowering and mood-enhancing effects.

Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine (BZD) which increases the action of GABA, a chemical messenger that suppresses the abnormal activity of the nerve cells in the brain.

Escitalopram is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) which increases the levels of serotonin, a chemical messenger that improves mood.

Safety advice

Alcohol
UNSAFE
It is unsafe to consume alcohol with Petril Plus Tablet.

Driving
UNSAFE
Petril Plus Tablet may cause side effects which could affect your ability to drive.

Liver
CAUTION
Petril Plus Tablet should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. Dose adjustment of Petril Plus Tablet may be needed. Please consult your doctor.

Quick tips

1. Petril Plus Tablet is prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorder.
2. You may feel that Petril Plus Tablet is not helping you straightaway. This is because it can take few weeks before you feel the full benefit. It is important that you continue to take it, even if it takes a little while for your condition to improve.
3. If you develop any depressing or suicidal thoughts or ideas, you should let your doctor know about them as soon as possible.
4. You might experience low sexual desire after taking Petril Plus Tablet, talk to your doctor if it troubles you.
5. Petril Plus Tablet is prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorder.
6. You may feel that Petril Plus Tablet is not helping you straightaway. This is because it can take few weeks before you feel the full benefit. It is important that you continue to take it, even if it takes a little while for your condition to improve.
7. If you develop any depressing or suicidal thoughts or ideas, you should let your doctor know about them as soon as possible.
8. You might experience low sexual desire after taking Petril Plus Tablet, talk to your doctor if it troubles you.

Fact Box

Habit Forming
Yes

Therapeutic Class
NEURO CNS

Saturday, May 7, 2022

Orasore Mouth Ulcer Relief Gel

Information about Orasore Mouth Ulcer Relief Gel

Orasore Mouth Ulcer Relief Gel provides fast relief from severe pain & irritation, caused by mouth ulcers,within 2 minutes.
It also provides relief from pain and swelling of the ulcers and has an antibacterial preservative too.
Orasore Mouth Ulcer Gel contains Choline Salicylate,Lignocaine,Benzalkonium Chloride with Glycerine and Spearmint.
Orasore Gel has fennel as well for a cool and refreshing taste. It diminishes and temporarily reduces pain arising due to-Mouth Ulcers,Ulcers on Tongue,Inner side of Cheek,Gums,Palate,Gum Pain.
While Orasore Gel provides instant relief from pain & irritation in Mouth Ulcer,it is also important to treat the root cause of the problem. 
A patient must avoid hot,spicy and acidic food,drink ample amount of water,maintain good dental hygiene,and should consult a doctor if mouth ulcers are persistent and recurring.
    
Directions for use

Wash your hands properly before use and dry them.
Put sufficient quantity of Orasore Mouth Ulcer Gel on finger tip.
Gently apply Orasore Mouth Ulcer Gel directly on the affected area and around it. 
Use up to 3-4 times daily for lasting pain relief.
Do not eat or drink for 2-3 minutes after applying the gel to let Orasore work properly.
If your mouth salivates after application, you may spit or ingest. No harm if little quantity of gel goes inside.

Friday, May 6, 2022

Hammer, Chisel and Grinder (Journal 2022-May-06)

Index of Journals

"9 years later and the sounds of chisel and hammer, and grinder affect me."

I had lied down around 12 AM but still I have not been able to catch sleep at 01:50 AM.
Tejbhan Vidhayak mason completed his work today.
I don't seem to have any headache but just some kind of little irritation and anxiety in head.
One of the reasons that I am not able to sleep is because I might have slept for roughly 5 hours in the afternoon.
In the evening, I was winding up the paperwork for electrician (Dinesh Saini), painter (Md. Nizamuddin), mason (Tejbhan Vidhayak) and plumbing work (Vijay Mittal and Md. Aslam).
Something funny happened today:
I mistakenly did not join the "HR Disciplinary Discussion" for complaints against me of unavailability around 4:30 and she had to reschedule it at 6 PM.
Before going to bed, I was working on finding my psychiatrist prescriptions to send them to HR so that she is aware of everything she should know.
That was how I spent my day.

Took medication for sleep, anxiety and depression.
Now am going sleep with Moti next to me in my bed.

Thank you for reading.

Power Seminar organized by ICT Academy, Ram Lal Anand College and SkyCampus (19-Feb-2021)

Index of Journals

Power Seminar organized by ICT Academy, Ram Lal Anand College and SkyCampus

Organizers

1. ICT Academy
2. Ram Lal Anand College
3. SkyCampus

Tri Nagar Home Renovation Notes (May 2022)

Index of Journals

Dinesh Saini Electrician



Manish Sharma Architect



Manoj Kumar Electrician 1



Nizamuddin 1



Nizamuddin 2



Nizamuddin 3



Nizamuddin 4



Tejbhan Vidhayak 1



Tejbhan Vidhayak 2



Tejbhan Vidhayak 3



Vijay Mittal 1



MS Excel Sheets

Electrician



Mistry



Painter



Plumbing

Wednesday, May 4, 2022

Bagging in overcoming variance of a classifier, clustering algorithm or regressor

Bootstrap aggregating

Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging, is a machine learning ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of machine learning algorithms used in statistical classification and regression. It also reduces variance and helps to avoid overfitting. Although it is usually applied to decision tree methods, it can be used with any type of method. Bagging is a special case of the model averaging approach. 

Bagging: Sampling with replacement

Build classifier on each bootstrap sample
Each sample has probability (1 - (1 - 1/n) ^ n) of being selected in training set.

Sampling data for bagging



Probability that a sample will be selected in m rounds of bagging



Probability that ensemble will make an error with majority voting decision making technique

Tuesday, May 3, 2022

Aripiprazole (Anti-psychotic)

Information about Aripiprazole

Aripiprazole Uses

Aripiprazole is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and mania.

How Aripiprazole works

Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic. It works by changing the action of certain chemical messengers in the brain that affect thoughts.

Common side effects of Aripiprazole

Headache,
Fatigue,
Nausea,
Vomiting,
Blurred vision,
Indigestion,
Constipation,
Increased saliva production,
Parkinsonism,
Akathisia (inability to stay still),
Dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions),
Tremors,
Restlessness,
Anxiety,
Dizziness,
Sleepiness,
Insomnia (difficulty in sleeping)

Expert advice for Aripiprazole

You have been prescribed Aripiprazole for relieving psychotic symptoms and manic episodes.
It may take 4 to 6 weeks to see full effects on thoughts and mood. Keep taking it as prescribed.
Your doctor may advise you to take it in the morning if you experience any difficulty in sleeping.
It may increase your blood sugar and cholesterol. Eat healthy, exercise regularly and monitor your blood sugar and cholesterol levels regularly.
Aripiprazole may cause dizziness or sleepiness. Don't drive or do anything requiring concentration until you know how it affects you.
Avoid consuming alcohol when taking the Aripiprazole as it may cause excessive drowsiness.
Talk to your doctor if you notice sudden mood changes, unusual movements or develop suicidal thoughts.

Q. Does Aripiprazole affect you sexually?

Yes, Aripiprazole may cause prolonged and painful erection (priapism) in some patients. It may also cause impulse control disorder wherein the patient may develop urges or cravings that are irresistible and unusual for that person. In this case, the patient may develop an abnormally high sex drive or may experience an increase in sexual thoughts or feelings. Consult your doctor who may modify your dose or may advise to stop Aripiprazole.

Ref:
20220503
https://www.1mg.com/generics/aripiprazole-209387

Monday, May 2, 2022

Similarity-oriented measures for cluster analysis

Similarity-Oriented Measures for Cluster Analysis

Ideal Cluster or Class Similarity Matrix




Correlation, Rand statistic, Jaccard statistic

Correlation



Rand Statistic and Jaccard statistic

Supervised classification-oriented measures for Cluster Analysis

Here we are discussing the classification-oriented measures for cluster analysis, assuming that our clustering is correct and clustering results are supersivising are reports.

Our Clusters




Purity

# What is the Purity of cluster '1' here?

# How pure this cluster is?

# What percentage of articles in this cluster belong to 'Metro'?

Note: Precision and Purity are the same thing.
= 506 / 677

Similarly, we can calculate Recall and F-score for these clusters.

Recall: 506 / 943

F-Score: harmonic mean of Precision and Recall.
F-score: 2 * precisioin * recall / (precision + recall)

Formula for Entropy for a N clusters is: summation( - probability(i) * log2( probability(i) ) )
Here i goes from 1 to N.

The lesser the entropy, the better.
The lesser the entropy, the better the clustering.

Sunday, May 1, 2022

E6 Lotion for Dogs

Page 1:




Page 2:

Mucolite (Ambroxol Hydrochloride)

Mucolite Syrup

Manufacturer: Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd

SALT COMPOSITION: Ambroxol (30mg/5ml)

Storage: Store below 30°C

Introduction

Mucolite Syrup is used for treating various respiratory tract disorders associated with excessive mucus. It works by thinning and loosens mucus in the nose, windpipe, and lungs and make it easier to cough out.

Mucolite Syrup should be taken with food. For better results, it is suggested to take it at the same time every day. The dose and how often you take it depend on what you are taking it for. Your doctor will decide how much you need to improve your symptoms. It is advised not to use it for more than 14 days without your doctor's consultation.

The most common side effects of this medicine include vomiting, nausea, and stomach upset. Talk to your doctor if you are worried about side effects or they would not go away. Generally, it is advised not to take alcohol while on treatment.

Before taking this medicine, tell your doctor if you have liver or kidney disease or if you have stomach problems. Your doctor should also know about all other medicines you are taking as many of these may make this medicine less effective or change the way it works. You must take a doctor's advice before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Uses of Mucolite Syrup

Treatment of "Respiratory tract disorders associated with viscid mucus"

Benefits of Mucolite Syrup

In Treatment of Respiratory tract disorders associated with viscid mucus

Mucolite Syrup helps to loosen thick mucus, making it easier to cough out. This makes it easier for air to move in and out. It will relieve symptoms such as tightness in your chest, shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing and help you carry out your daily activities more easily. This medicine is safe and effective. It usually starts to work within a few minutes and the effects can last up to several hours. Take it as prescribed by the doctor. Do not stop using it unless you are advised to by your doctor. Taking this medicine enables you to live your life more freely without worrying so much about things that set off your symptoms.

Side effects of Mucolite Syrup

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them:

Common side effects of Mucolite

Vomiting
Nausea
Upset stomach

How to use Mucolite Syrup

Take this medicine in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor. Check the label for directions before use. Measure it with a measuring cup and take it by mouth. Shake well before use. Mucolite Syrup is to be taken with food.

How Mucolite Syrup works

Mucolite Syrup is a mucolytic medication. It thins and loosens mucus (phlegm) in the nose, windpipe and lungs making it easier to cough out.

Safety advice

Kidney
CAUTION
Mucolite Syrup should be used with caution in patients with severe kidney disease. Dose adjustment of Mucolite Syrup may be needed. Please consult your doctor.

Liver
CAUTION
Mucolite Syrup should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. Dose adjustment of Mucolite Syrup may be needed. Please consult your doctor.

Quick tips

1. Mucolite Syrup helps in thinning and removal of the mucus (slimy and sticky substance) from the airways, thereby treats various respiratory conditions.
2. Measure the syrup with a special dose-measuring spoon or cup, not a regular table spoon.
3. Do not use Mucolite Syrup for more than 14 days, without your doctor’s advice.
4. Inform your doctor if you have suffered or are currently suffering from any stomach, liver or kidney problem.
5. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding.

Fact Box

Chemical Class: Phenylmethylamine Derivative
Habit Forming: No
Therapeutic Class: RESPIRATORY
Action Class: Mucolytics

Friday, April 29, 2022

Scalar Multiplication (MFDS)

Ques 1:



Ques 2:



Ques 3 and Ques 4:



Ques 5:



Ques 6:

Thursday, April 28, 2022

survival8 Audience Update as in Top Locations (Apr 2022)

Headlines

1. Kenya and United Kingdom are both past 9K views.
2. Uganda is on the top 15th place past Philippines.

Top Locations



 1. India                762K
 2. United States        158K
 3. Unknown Region       24.4K
 4. Germany              16K
 5. Russia               15.4K
 6. United Arab Emirates 10.6K
 7. Kenya                9.15K
 8. United Kingdom       9.03K
 9. Singapore            6.37K
10. Canada               5.63K
11. France               4.53K
12. Netherlands          4.48K
13. Brazil               3.43K
14. Ukraine              2.12K
15. Uganda               1.63K
16. Philippines          1.58K
17. Hong Kong            1.28K
18. Australia            1.12K
19. Pakistan             1.08K
20. Other                135K

Monday, April 25, 2022

The Concept of Lift in Association Rules Mining

Let's look at a problem first:


    
        
             
        

        
            Coffee
        

        
            Not Coffee
        
        
             
        
    

    
        
            Tea
        

        
            150
        

        
            50
        

        
            200
        
    

    
        
            Not Tea
        

        
            650
        

        
            150
        

        
            800
        
    

    
        
             
        

        
            800
        

        
            200
        

        
            1000
        
    


Tea -> Coffee
What is the support and confidence of the above rule?

Support = #(tea and coffee) / #(total)

Confidence : P (Coffee | Tea)
= #(tea and coffee) / #(tea)

Support for the rule is 15% while the confidence is 75%.

Lift = Confidence(A -> B) / Support(B)
= Confidence of the rule / Support of the consequent

If you look in general:
The percentage of people drinking coffee is 80%.

But when we apply the rule: Tea -> Coffee
Confidence: Percentage of people drinking coffee who are also drinking tea is:
150 / 200 = 75%

So, ( Tea -> Coffee ) shows they are negatively correlated.
This is the importance of lift.

Formula 1: Lift = P (A and B) / ( P(A) * P(B) )

Formula 2: Lift = Ratio between the rule's confidence and support of the rule consequent = c(A -> B) / s(B)

Definition

Life is a measure of the performance of an association rule at predicting or classifying cases as having an enhanced reponse (with respect to the population as a whole), measured against a random choice targeting model. A targeting model is doing a good job if the response within the target is much better than the average for the population as a whole.

Sunday, April 24, 2022

Similarity and Dissimilarity in Data Mining

How to compute the dissimilarity between objects described by the following types of variables:

Numerical (interval-scaled) variables

Use Euclidean distance or Manhattan distance. 

Euclidean distance:




Manhattan distance:




Minkowski distance:

Given two objects represented by the tuples (22, 1, 42, 10) and (20, 0, 36, 8):
Compute the Minkowski distance between the two objects, using p = 3.

= (|22 - 20| ^ 3 + |1 - 0| ^ 3 + |42 - 36| ^ 3 + |10 - 8| ^ 3) ^ (1/3)
= 6.15

For manhattan dist., p = 1 in Minkowski dist.
For euclidean dist., p = 2 in Minkowski dist.

Briefly outline how to compute the dissimilarity between objects described by the following types of variables:

Asymmetric binary variables

If all binary attributes have the same weight then they are symmetric. Let's say we have the contingency table:




If the binary attributes are asymmetric, Jaccard coefficient is often used:
For cell (i=1, j=1) representing #(object-I = 1 and object-J = 1):




In terms of Set Operations, formula for Jaccard Coefficient for classes A and B becomes:

J = (A intersection B) / (A union B)

Briefly outline how to compute the dissimilarity between objects described by the following types of variables:

Categorical variables

A categorical variable is a generalization of the binary variable in that it can take on more than two states.
The dissimilarity between two objects i and j can be computed as:




where m is the number of matches (i.e., the number of variables for which i and j are in the same state), and p is the total number of variables.

For Text
Use Cosine Similarity.

Box Plot and Anomaly Detection in 1D

Percentile:
The kth percentile of a set of data in numerical order is the value x(i) having the property that k percent of the data entries lie at or below x(i). The median is the 50th percentile.
Quartile:
The first quartile, denoted by Q1, is the 25th percentile
the third quartile, denoted by Q3, is the 75th percentile
The distance between the first and third quartiles is a measure of spread that gives the range covered by the middle half of the data. This distance is called the interquartile range (IQR):
IQR = Q3 - Q1

Five-number summary of distribution consists of:
Minimum, Q1, median, Q3, Maximum

Box Plot:




Outliers in a boxplot:

Certification for Webinar from Dayanand Sagar University, Bengaluru

Thursday, April 21, 2022

Baa Baa Black Sheep (Nursery Rhymes)

Baa, baa, black sheep,
Have you any wool?
Yes, sir, yes, sir,
Three bags full;
One for the master,
One for the dame,
And one for the little girl and boy
Who lives down the lane.
Baa, baa, black sheep,
Have you any wool?
Yes, sir, yes, sir,
Three bags full.