World's Top 10 Countries by 5 Parameters in 2020

The parameters we are considering are relevant to doing market research for blogging business.

1: Largest Countries by Population (2020) 

1. China          1,439,323,776
2. India          1,380,004,385
3. United States  331,002,651
4. Indonesia      273,523,615
5. Pakistan       220,892,340
6. Brazil         212,559,417
7. Nigeria        206,139,589
8. Bangladesh     164,689,383
9. Russia         145,934,462
10. Mexico        128,932,753




Ref: Worldometers

2: Largest Countries with English Speaking population (2020) 

1. United States  : 283,160,411
2. India          : 125,344,737
3. Pakistan       : 108,036,049
4. Nigeria        : 79,000,000
5. Philippines    : 64,025,890
6. United Kingdom : 59,600,000
7. Germany        : 45,400,000
8. Canada         : 29,748,265
9. Australia      : 17,357,833
10. Italy         : 17,000,000




Ref: Wikipedia

3: Largest Countries by Internet Users (2020)

1. China         : 854,000,000
2. India         : 560,000,000
3. United States : 313,322,868
4. Indonesia     : 171,260,000
5. Brazil        : 149,057,635
6. Nigeria       : 126,078,999
7. Japan         : 118,626,672
8. Russia        : 116,353,942
9. Bangladesh    : 94,199,000
10. Mexico       : 88,000,000




Ref: InternetWorldStats

4: Largest Countries by Economy (Nominal GDP in 2020) 

1. United States  : $21.44 trillion
2. China          : $14.14 trillion
3. Japan          : $5.15 trillion
4. Germany        : $3.86 trillion 
5. India          : $2.94 trillion
6. United Kingdom : $2.83 trillion
7. France         : $2.71 trillion
8. Italy          : $1.99 trillion
9. Brazil         : $1.85 trillion
10. Canada        : $1.73 trillion




Ref: Investopedia

5: Largest Countries by Area 
Area in square Kilometers:

1. Russian Federation : 17 098 242 
2. Canada             : 9 984 670
3. USA                : 9 833 517
4. China              : 9 596 960
5. Brazil             : 8 515 770
6. Australia          : 7 741 220
7. India              : 3 287 263
8. Argentina          : 2 780 400
9. Kazakhstan         : 2 724 900
10. Algeria           : 2 381 741

Concatenate Two Tables using R in PowerBI

We have two Excel files. 
x1.xlsx has sheet "EngSheet".
x2.xlsx has sheet "HindiSheet".

(1) Load the data. For that we use "Get Data" functionality of PowerBI.

(2) We will concatenate the two sheets vertically.

For that, we go to "Transform" tab of "Dashboard" (this opens "Power Query Editor") and then "Transform" tab of "Power Query Editor".

(3) We select "EngSheet" from the given "Queries" column.

Then, we click on "Run R Script", provided we have R installed on our system and PowerBI is configured to use it.

This opens the editor, but we do not write any code in this step and "CLICK OK" to close it.

(4) Ignore all "Privacy" warnings related to running scripts in the prompts that appear after step (3).




(5) We go to "View" tab in "Power Query Editor" and enable "Formula Bar".

The "Formula Bar" has some code like this:

= R.Execute("# 'dataset' holds the input data for this script",[dataset=#"Changed Type"]) 




(6) We modify this line in "Formula Bar" to pass our two datasets as the input to the R script.

For that the code is:

= R.Execute("# 'dataset' holds the input data for this script",[dataset=EngSheet, dataset2=HindiSheet]) 

Note: The output of this activity will go into the "EngSheet" (denoted by "dataset" above) overwriting its contents.

If you have selected "HindiSheet" from "Queries" column in step (3), and in you are passing it as one of the table in arguments as in: dataset=EngSheet, dataset2=HindiSheet

You will encounter error: Expression.Error: A cyclic reference was encountered during evaluation.

(7) To resolve this we create a third "XLSX" file (xl3.xlsx) with a sheet named "Sheet1" and sheet has a header with "col1" and "col2" written in the first two cells of the first row. 

(8) Load xl3.xlsx in PowerBI workspace.

(9) We go to "Transform" tab of "Dashboard" (this opens "Power Query Editor") and then "Transform" tab of "Power Query Editor". Now, we select "Sheet1" from the given "Queries" column. "Queries" column shows all the three sheets we have loaded in the PowerBI workspace.

(10) We click on "Run R Script" and "CLICK OK" to close the "Script Editor".

(11) In the formula bar, enter:

= R.Execute("# 'dataset' holds the input data for this script",[dataset=EngSheet, dataset2=HindiSheet])

(12) We need an R package, "sqldf" for this activity. If you don't have it, install it first from "RGui":

> library(sqldf)
Error in library(sqldf) : there is no package called ‘sqldf’
> install.packages('sqldf')
Warning in install.packages("sqldf") :
  'lib = "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.0.3/library"' is not writable
Installing it in "Temp" or "Local Documents".
--- Please select a CRAN mirror for use in this session ---
also installing the dependencies ‘ellipsis’, ‘glue’, ‘bit’, ‘rlang’, ‘vctrs’, ‘digest’, ‘bit64’, ‘blob’, ‘memoise’, ‘pkgconfig’, ‘Rcpp’, ‘BH’, ‘plogr’, ‘gsubfn’, ‘proto’, ‘RSQLite’, ‘DBI’, ‘chron’

trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/windows/contrib/4.0/ellipsis_0.3.1.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 46014 bytes (44 KB)
downloaded 44 KB
...
...
etc., etc.

(13) In the "Power Query Editor", Click "Run R Script".

(14) Enter the following R code:

# 'dataset' holds the input data for this script
library(sqldf)
m <- sqldf("select Name as AllNames, Personal_Number as AllNums from dataset
union all 
select Naam as AllNames, Ank as AllNums from dataset2") 

Click "OK". 
If you encounter an error such as "Error: no such table: dataset2", make sure you have a code snippet like the one below in the "Formula Bar":




= R.Execute("# 'dataset' holds the input data for this script#(lf)library(sqldf)#(lf)m <- sqldf(""select Name as AllNames, Personal_Number as AllNums from dataset#(lf)union all #(lf)select Naam as AllNames, Ank as AllNums from dataset2"")",[dataset=EngSheet, dataset2=HindiSheet]) 




If you have a Space in a column (if "Personal_Number" is present as "Personal Number"), you get following error for code:

# 'dataset' holds the input data for this script
library(sqldf)
m <- sqldf("select Name as AllNames, 'Personal Number' as AllNums from dataset
union all 
select Naam as AllNames, Ank as AllNums from dataset2") 




(15) "Close And Apply" the "Power Query Editor".

(16) "Table Visual" of Sheet1:




Additional Note
1: If you want to format a 'Date' type column in R:

  dataset$derived_date <- format(as.Date(dataset$GIVEN_DATE), '%Y-%m-%d') 

2: If you want to create a new column (of String type) by concatenating values from two other columns:

  select OLD_COL_1 || ', ' || OLD_COL_2 as NEW_COL from dataset 

GitHub Link to Excel Files and PowerBI Dashboard: GitHub

References

% R Packages that are not supported in PowerBI

% Create an Empty DAX Table

  CustomTable1 = DATATABLE ( "Other Measures", INTEGER, {{0}}) 

Sorting an 'HTML Content' Visual in PowerBI

First, we see our "Visualization" from our previous post: PowerBI's HTML Content Visualization




Next, we also drag a second column 'DERIVED_DT' (the derived date) into the 'HTML Content Visual'.




It has no impact on the visualization.

In the above image, the rows are not sorted according to the 'date'. 

To sort it, we have to click on "ellipsis" (...) and we see the menu with 'Sort By' option:




We also have options to select sorting order: "ascending" or "descending".
We will select "descending" and revert the sorting order.




Link to PowerBI File (.pbix): GitHub

Ref: PowerBI's HTML Content Visualization

PowerBI's HTML Content Visualization

For this post, we have an Excel:



We will load it using "Get Data" facility of PowerBI.

If data is coming from a different source, for example, Snowflake:

We use PowerBI's 'Get Data' again to pull the data:





Note above that we did not pass the protocol for 'Server' field such as 'https':

We entered only: "survival8.west-europe.azure.snowflakecomputing.com"

Because if "https://survival8.west-europe.azure.snowflakecomputing.com" is opened in the browser, it opens the Snowflake Worksheet.

We will transform it in PowerBI as shown below:



In the 'Run R Script' window:



# 'dataset' holds the input data for this script
dataset$derived_dt <- format(as.Date(dataset$datetime), '%Y-%m-%d')
output <- dataset 

Press 'OK' and select 'Ignore Privacy Level Checks' in the next prompt.





Then go to 'Home' tab in the top ribbon and then click on first icon: 'Close & Apply'

Add the custom visual 'HTML Content':







We will create this custom column to hold the HTML code derived from other columns.

HTML = "<h1>" & 'Sheet1 (2)'[heading] & "</h1><h3>" & 'Sheet1 (2)'[subtext] & "</h3><<i style='color: red;'>" & 'Sheet1 (2)'[derived_dt] & "</i>"



Next, click the 'Tick Mark' to save it and drag the column 'HTML' into the 'HTML Content' view.

View looks like this:



Note: the output is not in the same order as in the Excel sheet.

You can find the PowerBI file, Excel file and HTML Content Visual File here: GitHub

25 Medicines for first-aid kit

1. Nutraceutical

Nutraceuticals is a broad umbrella term that is used to describe any product derived from food sources with extra health benefits in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods.

The word "nutraceutical" is a portmanteau of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical", coined in 1989 by Stephen L. DeFelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine. “Let food be thy medicine.” is a common misquotation attributed to Hippocrates, who is considered by some to be the father of Western medicine.

The modern nutraceutical market began to develop in Japan during the 1980s. In contrast to the natural herbs and spices used as folk medicine for centuries throughout Asia, the nutraceutical industry has grown alongside the expansion and exploration of modern technology.

The nutraceuticals can be categorized as dietary fibre, prebiotics, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal / natural foods.

% Prebiotics are compounds in food that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The most common example is in the gastrointestinal tract, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome.

% Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for you, especially your digestive system. We usually think of these as germs that cause diseases. But your body is full of bacteria, both good and bad. Probiotics are often called "good" or "helpful" bacteria because they help keep your gut healthy.

% Polyunsaturated fats include omega-3 and omega-6 fats. These are essential fatty acids that the body needs for brain function and cell growth. Our bodies DO NOT make essential fatty acids, so you can only get them from food. Omega-3 fatty acids are also good for your heart in several ways.

% Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals, thereby leading to chain reactions that may damage the cells of organisms. Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) terminate these chain reactions. Note: Tea is a very rich source of a specific kind of antioxidant called flavonoids. The detoxifying effect of these antioxidants protects cells from free radicals.

% Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left. The human body uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body: Break down food.

2. Iodex

'Iodex Ultragel' contains Diclofenac Diethylamine, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with emulgel formulation (for topical use). Diclofenac Diethylamine works to relieve pain and reduce internal inflammation.

Iodex, a trusted pain relief brand (of GlaxoSmithKline) in India for close to 100 years (as of 2020), helps provide effective relief from different types of musculo-skeletal pains like neck/shoulder pain, back pain, joint pain, sprain, etc.

3. Boroline

It is a combination of the antiseptic boric acid, the astringent and sunscreen zinc oxide, and the emollient lanolin and is meant to be used for cuts, cracked lips, rough skin, and to treat infections. It is manufactured by G D Pharmaceuticals.

4. Levocetirizine

Levocetirizine is an antihistamine used to relieve allergy symptoms such as watery eyes, runny nose, itching eyes/nose, and sneezing. It is also used to relieve itching and hives. It works by blocking a certain natural substance (histamine) that your body makes during an allergic reaction. 
As an example: It is sold in India by Cipla in the form of 5 mg tablets under the name "Cetcip-L".

Levocetirizine, sold under the brand name Xyzal among others, is an antihistamine used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and long term hives of unclear cause. It is less sedating than older antihistamines. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include sleepiness, dry mouth, cough, vomiting, and diarrhea. Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied and use when breastfeeding is of unclear safety. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine and works by blocking histamine H1-receptors.

Levocetirizine was approved for medical use in the United States in 2007. It is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 175th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.

Ref:
% Top 300 Drugs of 2020 in US
% Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride - Drug Use Statistics (2007-2017)
% Levocetirizine - Wikipedia

5. Epinephrine

This medication is used in emergencies to treat very serious allergic reactions to insect stings/bites, foods, drugs, or other substances. Epinephrine acts quickly to improve breathing, stimulate the heart, raise a dropping blood pressure, reverse hives, and reduce swelling of the face, lips, and throat.

6. Paracetamol

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a medication used to treat pain and fever. It is typically used for mild to moderate pain relief. Evidence is mixed for its use to relieve fever in children. It is often sold in combination with other medications, such as in many cold medications. Paracetamol is also used for severe pain, such as cancer pain and pain after surgery, in combination with opioid pain medication. It is typically used either by mouth or rectally, but is also available by injection into a vein. Effects last between two and four hours.

Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses. The recommended maximum daily dose for an adult is three to four grams. Higher doses may lead to toxicity, including liver failure. Serious skin rashes may rarely occur. It appears to be safe during pregnancy and when breastfeeding. In those with liver disease, it may still be used, but in lower doses. It is classified as a mild analgesic. It does not have significant anti-inflammatory activity. How it works is not entirely clear.

Paracetamol was first made in 1877. It is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever in both the United States and Europe. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Paracetamol is available as a generic medication, with brand names including Tylenol and Panadol among others. In 2017, it was the 25th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24 million prescriptions.

Ref: 
% Wikipedia
% WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines

7. Crocin Tablets

Crocin Pain Relief provides targeted pain relief. It provides symptomatic relief from mild to moderate pain e.g from headache, migraine, toothache and musculoskeletal pain. Its formula contains clinically proven ingredients paracetamol and caffeine. It acts at the center of pain.

Each tablet contains
 Paracetamol IP : 650mg
 Caffeine Anhydrous IP : 50 mg

Dosage:
 AGE: Adults & children over 12 years

 TABLETS: 1 tablet

 HOW OFTEN: 3 to 4 times in 24-hour period or as directed by physician. Minimum dosing interval between any 2 doses should be 4 hrs.

Ref: Crocin Pain Relief

8. Itch Guard

Itching problems occur at the waist, folds of inner thighs, buttocks and underside of breasts & armpits. Itch Guard Cream is an antifungal cream to treat itching commonly associated with many fungal infections (esp. genitals & groin), vaginal infection, jock itch, eczema etc.

Ingredients: Clotrimazole IP, Menthol IP, Boric Acid IP, Zinc Oxide IP, which makes it more effective, thus relieves you from any such irritation.

9. Terbinafine

Terbinafine is an antifungal medication that fights infections caused by fungus. Terbinafine tablets are used to treat infections caused by fungus that affect the fingernails or toenails. Terbinafine oral granules are used to treat a fungal infection of scalp hair follicles in children who are at least 4 years old.

~ ~ ~

Terbinafine, sold under the brand name Lamisil among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat pityriasis versicolor, fungal nail infections, and ringworm including jock itch and athlete's foot. It is either taken by mouth or applied to the skin as a cream or ointment. The cream and ointment are not effective for nail infections.

Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea, diarrhea, headache, cough, rash, and elevated liver enzymes. Severe side effects include liver problems and allergic reactions. Liver injury is, however, unusual. Use during pregnancy is not typically recommended. The cream and ointment may result in itchiness but are generally well tolerated. Terbinafine is in the allylamines family of medications. It works by decreasing the ability of fungi to make sterols. It appears to result in fungal cell death.

Terbinafine was discovered in 1991. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2017, it was the 307th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.

Ref: 
% Wikipedia
% WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines

10. Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation. This includes painful menstrual periods, migraines, and rheumatoid arthritis. It may also be used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in a premature baby. It can be used by mouth or intravenously. It typically begins working within an hour.

Common side effects include heartburn and a rash. Compared to other NSAIDs, it may have other side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding. It increases the risk of heart failure, kidney failure, and liver failure. At low doses, it does not appear to increase the risk of heart attack; however, at higher doses it may. Ibuprofen can also worsen asthma. While it is unclear if it is safe in early pregnancy, it appears to be harmful in later pregnancy and therefore is not recommended. Like other NSAIDs, it works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase. Ibuprofen is a weaker anti-inflammatory agent than other NSAIDs.

Ibuprofen was discovered in 1961 by Stewart Adams at Boots UK Limited and initially marketed as Brufen. It is available under a number of trade names, including Nurofen, Advil and Motrin. It was first marketed in 1969 in the United Kingdom and in the United States in 1974. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 28th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24 million prescriptions.

Ref: Wikipedia

11. Combiflam

Ibuprofen/paracetamol, sold under the brand name Combiflam among others, is a combination of the two medications, ibuprofen, and paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is available in India and the United States. It may be used for fever, headache, muscle pain and menstrual cramps. Ibuprofen belongs to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of drugs. 

It is an OTC (Over-the-counter) drug.

Ref: Combiflam

12. Citrizine

Cetirizine, sold under the brand name Zyrtec in US and sold by Cipla in India among others, is a second-generation antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever), dermatitis, and urticaria. It is taken by mouth. Effects generally begin within an hour and last for about a day. The degree of benefit is similar to other antihistamines such as diphenhydramine.

Common side effects include sleepiness, dry mouth, headache, and abdominal pain. The degree of sleepiness that occurs is generally less than with first generation antihistamines. Serious side effects may include aggression and angioedema. Use in pregnancy appears safe, but use during breastfeeding is not recommended. The medication works by blocking histamine H1 receptors, mostly outside the brain.

It was patented in 1981 and came into medical use in 1987. It is available as a generic medication. A month's supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about £0.70 as of 2019. In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$2.50. In 2017, it was the 66th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than eleven million prescriptions.

Ref: Wikipedia

13. Vomistop

Vomistop Tablet: Prescription Required
Manufacturer: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Domperidone (10mg)

Uses of Vomistop Tablet
- Indigestion
- Nausea
- Vomiting

Side effects of Vomistop Tablet
Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them
Common side effects of Vomistop
- Headache
- Dryness in mouth
- Stomach pain
- Diarrhea

Ref: 1mg

Domperidone, sold under the brand name Motilium among others, is a medication used as an antiemetic, gastric prokinetic agent, and galactagogue. It may be taken by mouth or rectally, and is available as a tablet, orally disintegrating tablets, suspension, and suppositories. The drug is used to relieve nausea and vomiting; to increase the transit of food through the stomach (by increasing gastrointestinal peristalsis); and to promote lactation (breast milk production) by release of prolactin.

It is a peripherally selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica. 

Ref: Wikipedia - Domperidone

14. Cipmox 500

Cipmox 500 Capsule Yellow: Prescription Required
Manufacturer: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Amoxycillin (500mg)
Salt Synonyms: Amoxicillin
Uses of Cipmox Capsule: Bacterial infections

Common side effects of Cipmox
- Rash
- Vomiting
- Allergic reaction
- Nausea
- Diarrhea

Ref: 1mg

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. These include middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections among others. It is taken by mouth, or less commonly by injection.

Common adverse effects include nausea and rash. It may also increase the risk of yeast infections and, when used in combination with clavulanic acid, diarrhea. It should not be used in those who are allergic to penicillin. While usable in those with kidney problems, the dose may need to be decreased. Its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding does not appear to be harmful. Amoxicillin is in the beta-lactam family of antibiotics.

Amoxicillin was discovered in 1958 and came into medical use in 1972. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in children. Amoxicillin is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 18th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 27 million prescriptions.

Ref: Wikipedia - Amoxicillin

15. Betadine

Betadine (Povidone-iodine) is a topical antiseptic that provides infection protection against a variety of germs for minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), also known as iodopovidone, is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection before and after surgery. It may be used both to disinfect the hands of healthcare providers and the skin of the person they are caring for. It may also be used for minor wounds. It may be applied to the skin as a liquid or a powder.

Side effects include skin irritation. If used on large wounds, kidney problems, high blood sodium, and metabolic acidosis may occur. It is not recommended in people who are less than 32 weeks pregnant or are taking lithium. Frequent use is not recommended in people with thyroid problems. Povidone-iodine is a chemical complex of povidone, hydrogen iodide, and elemental iodine. It contains from 9% to 12% titratable iodine species (thus 10% povidone-iodine contains 1% titratable iodine species). It works by releasing iodine which results in the death of a range of microorganisms.

Povidone-iodine came into commercial use in 1955. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Povidone-iodine is available over the counter. It is sold under a number of brand names including Betadine.

Ref: Wikipedia

16. Hand Sanitizer

Hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands. In most settings hand washing with soap and water is generally preferred. Hand sanitizer is less effective at killing certain kinds of germs, such as norovirus and Clostridium difficile and unlike soap and water, it cannot remove harmful chemicals. People may incorrectly wipe off hand sanitizer before it has dried, and some are less effective because their alcohol concentrations are too low.

In most healthcare settings alcohol-based hand sanitizers are preferable to hand washing with soap and water, because it may be better tolerated and is more effective at reducing bacteria. Hand washing with soap and water, however, should be carried out if contamination can be seen, or following the use of the toilet. The general use of non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers has no recommendations.

Alcohol-based versions typically contain some combination of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol (ethyl alcohol), or n-propanol, with versions containing 60% to 95% alcohol the most effective. Care should be taken as they are flammable. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer works against a wide variety of microorganisms but not spores. Compounds such as glycerol may be added to prevent drying of the skin. Some versions contain fragrances; however, these are discouraged due to the risk of allergic reactions. Non-alcohol based versions typically contain benzalkonium chloride or triclosan; but are less effective than alcohol-based ones.

Alcohol has been used as an antiseptic at least as early as 1363 with evidence to support its use becoming available in the late 1800s. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been commonly used in Europe since at least the 1980s. The alcohol-based version is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.

Ref: Hand sanitizer

17. Oral rehydration therapy

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration, especially that due to diarrhea. It involves drinking water with modest amounts of sugar and salts, specifically sodium and potassium. Oral rehydration therapy can also be given by a nasogastric tube. Therapy should routinely include the use of zinc supplements. Use of oral rehydration therapy has been estimated to decrease the risk of death from diarrhea by up to 93%.

Side effects may include vomiting, high blood sodium, or high blood potassium. If vomiting occurs, it is recommended that use be paused for 10 minutes and then gradually restarted. The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium chloride, and glucose. Glucose may be replaced by sucrose and sodium citrate may be replaced by sodium bicarbonate, if not available. It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and thus water by the intestines. A number of other formulations are also available including versions that can be made at home. However, the use of homemade solutions has not been well studied.

Oral rehydration therapy was developed in the 1940s, but did not come into common use until the 1970s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Globally, as of 2015, oral rehydration therapy is used by 41% of children with diarrhea. This use has played an important role in reducing the number of deaths in children under the age of five.

Ref: 
% Oral rehydration therapy
% Diarrhea
% Rotavirus

18. Cheston Cold Tablet
Manufacturer: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Cetirizine (5mg) + Paracetamol (325mg) + Phenylephrine (10mg)

Uses of Cheston Cold Tablet: Common cold symptoms

Benefits of Cheston Cold Tablet: In Common cold symptoms
Cheston Cold Tablet is a combination of medicines that effectively relieves symptoms of the common cold such as blocked nose, runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, and congestion or stuffiness. It helps to loosen thick mucus, making it easier to cough out. This makes it easier for air to move in and out. It shrinks the blood vessels and provides rapid relief that lasts for several hours.

This medicine is safe and effective. It usually starts to work within a few minutes and the effects can last up to several hours. Take it as prescribed by the doctor. Do not stop using it unless you are advised to by your doctor. Taking this medicine enables you to live your life more freely without worrying so much about things that set off your symptoms.
Side effects of Cheston Cold Tablet
Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.

Common side effects of Cheston Cold:
    Nausea
    Vomiting
    Headache
    Fatigue
    Dizziness
    Dryness in mouth
    Sleepiness
    Allergic reaction
Ref: Cheston Cold Tablet (1mg.com)

Phenylephrine is a medication primarily used as a decongestant, to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids. While marketed as a decongestant, taken by mouth at recommended doses it is of unclear benefit for hay fever. It can be taken by mouth, given by injection into a vein or muscle, or applied to the skin.

Common side effects when taken by mouth or injected include nausea, headache, and anxiety. Use on hemorrhoids is generally well tolerated. Severe side effects may include a slow heart rate, intestinal ischemia, chest pain, kidney failure, and tissue death at the site of injection. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. Phenylephrine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor activator which results in the constriction of both arteries and veins.

Phenylephrine was patented in 1927 and came into medical use in 1938. It is available as a generic medication. In the United Kingdom the injectable formulation costs the NHS £4 per vial. Unlike pseudoephedrine, abuse of phenylephrine is very uncommon. 

Ref: Phenylephrine - Wikipedia

19. Clotrimazole

Clotrimazole, sold under the brand name Lotrimin, among others, is an antifungal medication. It is used to treat vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush, diaper rash, pityriasis versicolor, and types of ringworm including athlete's foot and jock itch. It can be taken by mouth or applied as a cream to the skin or in the vagina.

Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea and itchiness. When applied to the skin, common side effects include redness and burning. In pregnancy, use on the skin or in the vagina is believed to be safe. There is no evidence of harm when used by mouth during pregnancy but this has been less well studied. When used by mouth, greater care should be taken in those with liver problems. It is in the azole class of medications and works by disrupting the fungal cell membrane.

Clotrimazole was discovered in 1969. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Ref: Clotrimazole

20. Ring Guard Cream

Product Highlights:
- Aids in treating fungal infections and prevents it from spreading
- Provides quick relief from ringworm, itchiness, redness and burning sensation on skin
- Useful against fungal skin infections and super infections caused by the bacteria
	
Ring Guard Cream is an anti-fungal medicated cream. It is an effective remedy for fungal infections such as ringworm. It is also useful in ailments such as Athlete's foot, itching, burning, redness and cracking of skin.

Key Ingredients:
- Miconazole Nitrate
- Neomycin Sulphate

Key Benefits:
- Provides effective relief from fungal infections
- Helpful in treating mild skin infections in 7 days
- Useful against Athlete's foot, itching, burning, redness and cracking of skin
- Effective in treatment of fungal skin infections and super infections caused by bacteria

Directions For Use:
- Wash and dry the affected area
- Apply the ring guard cream 2-3 times in a day
- Continue for 10 days after lesion has disappeared

Ref: 1mg

21. Fourderm Cream

Fourderm Cream is a combination of medicines used to treat skin infections caused by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. It works by killing and stopping the growth of infection causing microorganisms, thereby clearing the infection and relieving the symptoms. It also blocks the release of chemicals that cause symptoms such as itching, redness and swelling. Therefore this medicine relieves the inflammation due to these infections.
You should use this medicine for as long as it is prescribed, even if your symptoms disappear, otherwise they may come back. Depending on the type of infection you are treating, this may be several weeks. Even after your skin is completely cured, you may have to apply it occasionally to prevent the symptoms from returning.

Manufacturer: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.20% w/w) + Clobetasol (0.05% w/w) + Miconazole (2% w/w) + Neomycin (0.5% w/w)

Ref: 1mg

22. Steam Inhalation

Steam inhalation is one of the most widely used home remedies to soothe and open the nasal passages and get relief from the symptoms of a cold or sinus infection.

Also called steam therapy, it involves the inhalation of water vapor. The warm, moist air is thought to work by loosening the mucus in the nasal passages, throat, and lungs. This may relieve symptoms of inflamed, swollen blood vessels in your nasal passages.

While steam inhalation won’t cure an infection, like a cold or the flu, it may help make you feel a lot better while your body fights it off. But as with any home remedy, it’s important to learn best practices so you don’t hurt yourself in the process. 

Steam inhalation may provide some temporary relief from the symptoms of:

- the common cold
- the flu (influenza)
- sinus infections (infectious sinusitis)
- bronchitis
- nasal allergies
	
While steam inhalation can provide subjective relief from the symptoms of a cold and other upper respiratory infections, it won’t actually make your infection go away any faster.

Steam inhalation doesn’t actually kill the virus responsible for the infection. At best, steam inhalation might make you feel a little better as your body fights your cold. 

Although the results of clinical studies have been mixed, anecdotal evidence claims steam inhalation helps alleviate:

- headache
- congested (stuffy) nose
- throat irritation
- breathing problems caused by airway congestion
- dry or irritated nasal passages
- cough 
	
Note: Steam inhalation therapy does not have a separate Wikipedia page.

Ref: Healthline

23. Tetanus Vaccine

Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is an inactive vaccine used to prevent tetanus. During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence.

After three doses, almost everyone is initially immune, but additional doses every ten years are recommended to maintain immunity. A booster shot should be given within 48 hours of an injury to people whose immunization is out of date. For people with high-risk injuries who are not fully immunized, tetanus antitoxin may also be recommended.

Confirming that pregnant women are up to date on tetanus immunization during each pregnancy can prevent both maternal and neonatal tetanus. The vaccine is very safe, including during pregnancy and in those with HIV/AIDS.

Redness and pain at the site of injection occur in between 25% and 85% of people. Fever, feeling tired, and minor muscle pain occurs in less than 10% of people. Severe allergic reactions occur in less than one in 100,000 people.

A number of vaccine combinations include the tetanus vaccine, such as DTaP and Tdap, which contain diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines, and DT and Td, which contain diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. DTaP and DT are given to children less than seven years old, while Tdap and Td are given to those seven years old and older. The lowercase d and p denote lower strengths of diphtheria and pertussis vaccines.

Tetanus antiserum was developed in 1890, with its protective effects lasting a few weeks. The tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed in 1924, and came into common use for soldiers in World War II. Its use resulted in a 95% decrease in the rate of tetanus. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Ref:
% Tetanus vaccine
% Inactivated vaccine

24. Chloroxylenol (brand name Dettol)    

Chloroxylenol, also known as para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant which is used for skin disinfection, and together with alcohol for cleaning surgical instruments. It is also used within a number of household disinfectants and wound cleaners. It is thought to act by disrupting microbial cell walls and inactivating cellular enzymes, and is less effective than some other available agents. It is available as a liquid.
Contents

Chloroxylenol was first made in 1927. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is sold in a number of formulations and under a number of brand names, including Dettol.

Soon after it was created parachlorometaxylenol was then called PCMX, but this was thought to be a poor name and it was renamed Dettol. Then in 1932 it was marketed in Britain and in India. It had a white on green bottle with a white sword depicted. It is sold, in the same style bottle, in Argentina and Uruguay to this day.

Ref: Chloroxylenol

25. Boric Acid

Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, and orthoboric acid is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron. However, some of its behaviour towards some chemical reactions suggest it to be tribasic acid in the Brønsted sense as well. Boric acid is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds. It has the chemical formula H3BO3 (sometimes written B(OH)3), and exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water. When occurring as a mineral, it is called sassolite. 

Boric acid is often an ingredient in eye wash products. It's predominantly used as a mild antiseptic and to maintain the pH of the eye wash solution. Boric acid eye washes can be used to clean and ease mild cases of irritated eyes.

Ref: Boric acid

Additional Note about Polio Vaccines (OPV and IPV)
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)
Globally manymanufacturers produce the trivalent OPV using Sabin vaccine seeds provided by the World Health Organization except for the Pfizer polio Sabin type 3. Most manufacturers grow the viruses in cultures containing monkey kidney cells and continuous cell lines  (Vero  or  diploid  cells).  POLIO  SABIN  (oral)  vaccine  is  a  magnesium  chloride  stabilised  preparation  of  live  attenuated  polio viruses of the Sabin strains type 1 (LS-c, 2ab), type 2 (P712, Ch, 2ab) and type 3 (Leon 12ab).   Each dose of OPV contains residual amounts (less than 25 μg) of antibiotics including streptomycin and neomycin. No adjuvants or preservatives are used (Sutter et al., 1999).

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
Like OPV, inactivated poliovirus vaccine contains three poliovirus strains, Mahoney type 1, MEF-1 (Middle East Forces) type 2 and Saukett type 3.  The vaccine is administered via the injectable route. The viruses are growneither in Vero cells or human diploid (MRC-5) cells and then concentrated, purified and inactivated with formaldehyde (Plotkin, 1999).

Ref: who.int

Drawing a world heat map using 'cartopy'

Checking 'cartopy' version:

(temp) C:\Users\Ashish Jain>conda list cartopy
# packages in environment at E:\programfiles\Anaconda3\envs\temp:
#
# Name   Version  Build           Channel
cartopy  0.18.0   py37ha46f164_4  conda-forge 

(temp) C:\Users\Ashish Jain>pip show cartopy
Name: Cartopy
Version: 0.18.0
Summary: A cartographic python library with Matplotlib support for visualisation
Home-page: https://scitools.org.uk/cartopy/docs/latest/
Author: UK Met Office
Author-email: None
License: LGPLv3
Location: e:\programfiles\anaconda3\envs\temp\lib\site-packages
Requires: shapely, setuptools, pyshp, six, numpy
Required-by: 

The map we will draw:


Given below is code that draws a World Heat Map showing countries in grey scale:

import cartopy
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import cartopy.io.shapereader as shpreader
from cartopy.feature import LAND

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
import numpy as np
from datetime import datetime

# Setting the color to shade the countries.
cmap = mpl.cm.Greys # Other color: mpl.cm.Blues

countries = {
    "India": 49,
    "United States": 48,
    "United Arab Emirates": 47,
    "Germany": 46,
    "Singapore": 45,
    "United Kingdom": 44,
    "Russian Federation": 43,
    "Ukraine":42,              
    "Netherlands": 41,
    "Hong Kong": 40,
    "Canada": 39,
    "France": 38,
    "Oman": 37,
    "Australia": 36,
    "Pakistan": 35,
    "Kenya": 34,
    "Malaysia": 33,
    "Saudi Arabia": 32,
    "Turkey": 31,
    "Spain": 30, 
    "Nepal": 29,
    "Qatar": 28,
    "Kuwait": 27,
    "Indonesia": 26,
    "Italy": 25,
    "Sweden": 24,
    "Portugal": 23,
    "Mauritius": 22,
    "New Zealand": 21,
    "Japan": 20,
    "Republic of Korea": 21, # South Korea
    "Barbados": 20, # Not listed in cartopy package
    "Brazil": 19,
    "China": 18,
    "Greece": 17,
    "Poland": 16,
    "Czech Republic": 15,
    "Kazakhstan": 14,
    "Latvia": 13,
    "Ireland": 12,
    "Finland": 11,
    "Peru": 10
}


max_users = float(max(countries.values()))
shapename = 'admin_0_countries'
countries_shp = shpreader.natural_earth(resolution='110m', category='cultural', name=shapename)
ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Robinson())

for country in shpreader.Reader(countries_shp).records():
    name = country.attributes['NAME_LONG']
    
    if name in countries:
        num_users = countries[name]
    else:
        num_users = 1
    
    # ax.add_geometries(country.geometry, ccrs.PlateCarree(), facecolor=cmap(num_users/max_users, 1))
    # TypeError: 'Polygon' object is not iterable
    # name: Fiji, type(country.geometry): [class 'shapely.geometry.multipolygon.MultiPolygon']
    # name: Tanzania, type(country.geometry): [class 'shapely.geometry.polygon.Polygon']
    
    try:
        ax.add_geometries(country.geometry, ccrs.PlateCarree(), facecolor=cmap(num_users/max_users, 1))
    except Exception as e:
        #print(e)
        import shapely.wkt as wkt
        from shapely.geometry import MultiPolygon

        list_str_polygons = [str(country.geometry)]

        c = MultiPolygon(map(wkt.loads, list_str_polygons))
        ax.add_geometries(c, ccrs.PlateCarree(), facecolor=cmap(num_users/max_users, 1))

    ax.add_feature(cartopy.feature.OCEAN, color='lightblue')

#Save the image as a file.
plt.savefig('Audience_' + str(datetime.now()).replace(':', '_') + '.png', transparent=True, dpi=900)  
print("Done") 

Given below is the list of countries recognized by 'cartopy':
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antarctica
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Dem. Rep. Korea
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
eSwatini
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Gabon
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Greenland
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao PDR
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Mauritania
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Northern Cyprus
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of the Congo
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
Somaliland
South Africa
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
The Gambia
Timor-Leste
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

DevOps Roadmap and Technology Listing (Infographic)

Link to original image

Google Analytics for Beginners (Assessments Dump)

Unit 1 - Introducting Google Analytics














Unit 2 - Google Analytics Interface











Unit 3 - Basic Reports















Unit 4 - Basic Campaign and Conversion Tracking