3 January 2011
Last night I went to bed early. I just couldn’t study yesterday. I never got to make up the mood. It was really sad to know that later. But then miraculously I woke in the middle of the night around 0130 and I thanked god several times for bringing me luck. I studied and I had just started studying. I studied according the requirement of the question paper, went strategically to cover the minimum amount of chapters to pass.
Around 0500 Prashant’s phone started ringing and I had to push it off but he then noticed it in his sleep, so was awaken right after.
I went to college before time as always and went to an isolated place to study.
Exam went fine, I guess. I don’t know man, if I would get marks for attempting questions I’d surely pass, rest is in examiner’s hand.
I didn’t give Vibha a look, nor did she let me do that at any moment. Plus, I don’t have to. Because with hi-hello with Astha it’s clear I have a pass for their group.
It feels really cold while writing the exam. I never get to cheat. It is really, really sad. Behind me sits Parul and on the front sits Nitish, none of them ever seem willing to even hear to any call, let alone cheating! And for themselves Parul, Sonam (who is sitting behind her) and Srishti (who is sitting on the left of Sonam) would always be discussing questions in which they are doubtful.
Abhilash and Roshan would get scolded, but Kriti has always been cheating and has always been safe.
I came home and slept. It was around 1930 that I woke up.
My god, my knee is causing pain when I bend it to sit specifically. It’s crazy; I never got into trouble as far as I remember.
I met Hardik today while returning from Metro station in the afternoon. It felt nice to see him. I never wanted to see him though, and that will never change.
God Bless ‘Me’
Ashish
2 January 2011
“Gareema Sethi ma’am was just not doing the complete job. I mean, who’s supposed to teach the students to learn to write algorithms. I mean, may be the time given to her for theory classes wasn’t enough to teach algorithms but then why didn’t she utilize the practical periods to do the same?”
Vibha Bhardwaj had called yesterday but I was on terrace and I did not take the call. I didn’t bother to call back. She has been acting b***hy and that just isn’t right. She had texted me for New Year but I didn’t even reply to that. I didn’t wish anybody this time then why her so specially? I actually meant ‘nobody’ when I said it.
Life is not good; I just want to keep moving to get to some place of mine.
It is my exam next day and I need to theoretically start studying. I was watching movie on “Movies Now” when I returned from terrace where I was flying kite. Yeah I was lucky to find one there incidentally.
It was awkward to collect the thread on that branch before Kunal Jain’s mother who had suddenly come to the terrace. She must have probably come to see if I was doing anything suspicious. Huh, these people sometimes make me go crazy.
God Bless ‘Me’
Ashish
1 January 2011
“Why do I still feel bad about my short height? I feel like quitting on living a normal life! And what is surprising is that when I hate myself the most so much that if on earth I would want one person to get removed would be me, these girls still covet me.”
I was watching this movie ‘Transporter 2’ and then during the last fight grandpa was giving grandma calls. Grandma wasn’t listening and so I told him. So he called me, it felt bad to spread the blanket on him during the last action scene of the movie I was so interestingly watching. But then I realized that we had a situation here and I didn’t do anything wrong from no angle. The situation was grandpa can’t shout and grandma couldn’t listen. And since past few days grandpa’s throat has been at its worst, he’s been coughing all time, sometimes it worries me too much (though it has nothing to do with me).
Okay, I chose not to go for a ride and etcetera when aunt just asked. Well I was asked, or informed about them being going, twice, actually thrice when the last time Anu came.
God Bless ‘Me’
Ashish
1) When the targets are real numbers, the problem is called a “regression problem”.
2) “Linear regression” implies using a linear method to solve a “regression problem”.
1. What Are Penalized Regression Methods?
Penalized linear regression is a derivative of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression— a method developed by Gauss and Legendre roughly 200 years ago. Penalized linear regression methods were designed to overcome some basic limitations of OLS regression. The basic problem with OLS is that sometimes it overfits the problem. Think of OLS as fitting a line through a group of points. This is a simple prediction problem: predicting y, the target value given a single attribute x. For example, the problem might be to predict men's salaries using only their heights. Height is slightly predictive of salaries for men (but not for women).
Suppose that the data set had only two points in it. Imagine that there's a population of points, like the ones in Figure 1-1, but that you do not get to see all the points. Maybe they are too expensive to generate, like genetic data. There are enough humans available to isolate the gene that is the culprit; the problem is that you do not have gene sequences for many of them because of cost.
To simulate this in the simple example, imagine that instead of six points you're given only two of the six points. How would that change the nature of the line fit to those points? It would depend on which two points you happened to get. To see how much effect that would have, pick any two points from Figure 1-1 and imagine a line through them. Figure 1-2 shows some of the possible lines through pairs of points from Figure 1-1. Notice how much the lines vary depending on the choice of points.
The problem with having only two points to fit a line is that there is not enough data for the number of degrees of freedom. A line has two degrees of freedom. Having two degrees of freedom means that there are two independent parameters that uniquely determine a line. You can imagine grabbing hold of a line in the plane and sliding it up and down in the plane or twisting it to change its slope. So, vertical position and slope are independent. They can be changed separately, and together they completely specify a line. The degrees of freedom of a line can be expressed in several equivalent ways (where it intercepts the y‐axis and its slope, two points that are on the line, and so on). All of these representations of a line require two parameters to specify.
When the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of points, the predictions are not very good. The lines hit the points used to draw them, but there is a lot of variation among lines drawn with different pairs of points. You cannot place much faith in a prediction that has as many degrees of freedom as the number of points in your data set.
Solution:
Penalized linear regression provides a way to systematically reduce degrees of freedom to match the amount of data available and the complexity of the underlying phenomena. These methods have become very popular for problems with very many degrees of freedom. They are a favorite for genetic problems where the number of degrees of freedom (that is, the number of genes) can be several tens of thousands and for problems like text classification where the number of degrees of freedom can be more than a million.
2. What’s in a name?
Attributes and labels go by a variety of names, and new machine learners can get tripped up by the name switching from one author to another or even one paragraph to another from a single author.
Attributes (the variables being used to make predictions) are also known as the following:
■ Predictors
■ Features
■ Independent variables
■ Inputs
Labels are also known as the following:
■ Outcomes
■ Targets
■ Dependent variables
■ Responses
3. Linear Regression in Mathematical Equations
Following is an m-by-n matrix.
4. Forward Stepwise Regression to Control Overfitting
# ‘Forward stepwise regression’ is an improvement over “best subset selection regression”.
Initialize: ColumnList = NULL
Out-of-sample-error = NULL
Break X and Y into test and training sets
For number of column in X:
For each trialColumn (column not in ColumnList):
Build submatrix of X using ColumnList + trialColumn
Train OLS on submatrix and store RSS Error on test data
ColumnList.append(trialColumn that minimizes RSS Error)
Out-of-sample-error.append(minimum RSS Error)
RSS: Residual sum of squares.
5. Control Overfitting by Penalizing Regression Coefficients—Ridge Regression
The expression argmin means the “values of b0 and b that minimize the expression.” The resulting coefficients b0, b-star are the ordinary least squares solution. Best subset regression and forward stepwise regression throttle back ordinary regression by limiting the number of attributes used. That’s equivalent to imposing a constraint that some of the entries in the vector be equal to zero.
Another approach is called coefficient penalized regression. Coefficient penalized regression accomplishes the same thing by making all the coefficients smaller instead of making some of them zero. One version of coefficient penalized linear regression is called ridge regression. Equation 3-15 shows the problem formulation for ridge regression.
Ridge regression is available in scikit-learn.
6. Why Penalized Linear Regression Methods Are So Useful
Several properties make penalized linear regression methods outstandingly useful, including the following:
■ Extremely fast model training
■ Variable importance information
■ Extremely fast evaluation when deployed
■ Reliable performance on a wide variety of problems—particularly on attribute matrices that are not very tall compared to their width or that are sparse. Sparse solutions (that is, a more parsimonious model)
■ May require linear model
■ Initialize all the β’s equal to zero.
At each step
■ Find residuals (errors) after using variables already chosen.
■ Determine which unused variable best explains residuals and add it to the mix.
~ ~ ~
The LARS algorithm is very similar. The main difference with LARS is that instead of unreservedly incorporating each new attribute, it only partially incorporates them.
9. Least Angle Regression Algorithm (for computing β)
■ Initialize all β’s to zero.
At Each Step
■ Determine which attribute has the largest correlation with the residuals.
■ Increment that variable’s coefficient by a small amount if the correlation is positive or decrement by a small amount if negative.
10. Practice Question
Ques: Tickets are being raised in a software such as Service Now. You have some tickets already logged and marked as 'VDI' or 'Others'. Now, for any incoming ticket, predict if it is VDI related or not using Linear Regression.
Ans.
We would convert our target column (VDI (Yes/No)) into two columns VDI-Y and VDI-N using One-hot encoding.
Value for VDI column: yes or no
VDI-yes , VDI-no
Y 1 0
N 0 1
Over here we know that VDI-Y can be infered as 1 if VDI-N is 0 and vice-versa.
When you would run regression for one of these two columns as target columns, we would get a value between 0 and 1.
For making prediction, we set a threshold, if my vdi-yes value is greater 0.5, I would assume it is a yes and predict that the incoming ticket in ServiceNow is about VDI.
DO NOT USE REGRESSION ALGORITHMS FOR CLASSIFICATION PROBLEM.Tags: Artificial Intelligence,Machine Learning,Technology
Linear regression falls under a class of Machine Learning problems generally referred to as “function approximation”.
Function approximation is a subset of problems that are called supervised learning problems.
Linear regression also has a classifier cousin called logistic regression.
2. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression
Think of OLS as fitting a line through a group of points, as in Figure 1-1. This is a simple prediction problem: predicting y, the target value given a single attribute x. For example, the problem might be to predict men's salaries using only their heights. Height is slightly predictive of salaries for men (but not for women).
3. DEGREES OF FREEDOM
The points represent men's salaries versus their heights. The line in Figure 1-1 represents the OLS solution to this prediction problem. In some sense, the line is the best predictive model for men's salaries given their heights. The data set has six points in it. Suppose that the data set had only two points in it. Imagine that there's a population of points, like the ones in Figure 1-1, but that you do not get to see all the points. Maybe they are too expensive to generate.
To simulate this in the simple example, imagine that instead of six points you're given only two of the six points. How would that change the nature of the line fit to those points? It would depend on which two points you happened to get. To see how much effect that would have, pick any two points from Figure 1-1 and imagine a line through them. Figure 1-2 shows some of the possible lines through pairs of points from Figure 1-1. Notice how much the lines vary depending on the choice of points.
The problem with having only two points to fit a line is that there is not enough data for the number of degrees of freedom. A line has two degrees of freedom. Having two degrees of freedom means that there are two independent parameters that uniquely determine a line. You can imagine grabbing hold of a line in the plane and sliding it up and down in the plane or twisting it to change its slope. So, vertical position and slope are independent. They can be changed separately, and together they completely specify a line. The degrees of freedom of a line can be expressed in several equivalent ways (where it intercepts the y‐axis and its slope, two points that are on the line, and so on). All of these representations of a line require two parameters to specify.
When the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of points, the predictions are not very good. The lines hit the points used to draw them, but there is a lot of variation among lines drawn with different pairs of points. You cannot place much faith in a prediction that has as many degrees of freedom as the number of points in your data set. The plot in Figure 1-1 had six points and fit a line (two degrees of freedom) through them. That is six points and two degrees of freedom.
4. REGRESSION:
Regression is the task of learning a target function ‘f’ that maps each attribute set x into a continuous-valued output y.
5. ERROR FUNCTION:
Individual Error Term:
Mapping errors on the graph
The goal of regression is to find a target function that can fit the input data with minimum error. The error function for a regression task can be expressed in terms of the sum of absolute or squared error:
We are only showing d(E)/d(w0) here:
Let “a” is equal to: yi – (w1).xi
E = sum((a – w0)^2)
E = sum(a^2 + (w0)^2 – 2(a)(w0))
d(E)/d(w0) = sum(0 + 2(w0) – 2a)
RHS = sum(-2 . (a - w0))
Putting back the values of ‘a’:
RHS = sum(-2 . (yi – (w1).xi – w0))
8. SCATTER PLOT FOR OUR DATA
9. SOLVING THE PROBLEM
10. LINER – CONDITIONS THAT SHOULD BE MET BY THE DATASET BEFORE WE USE LINEAR REGRESSION ON IT
L: Linear
The condition is that the actual relationship in the population between your x and y variables actually is a linear relationship.
Now, in a lot of cases you might just have to assume that this is going to be the case when you see it on an exam, like an AP exam, for example. They might say, hey assume this condition is met. Oftentimes, it'll say assume of these conditions are met. They just want you to maybe know about these conditions.
But this is something to think about. If the underlying relationship is nonlinear, well, then maybe some of your inferences might not be as robust.
I: Independence
Now, the next one is one we have seen before when we're talking about general conditions for inference, and this is the independence, independence condition And there's a couple of ways to think about it. Either individual observations are independent of each other. So you could be sampling with replacement.
Or you could be thinking about your 10% rule.
The size of our sample is no more than 10% of the size of the population.
Similar to independence condition for proportions and for means.
N: Normal ConditionArithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Normal Distribution
Now, the next one is the normal condition.
Although it means something a little bit more sophisticated when we're dealing with a regression.
The normal condition, and, once again many times people just say assume it's been met.
But let me actually draw a regression line, but do it with a little perspective, and I'm gonna add a third dimension.
Let's say that's the x-axis, and let's say this is the y-axis. And the true population regression line looks like this. And so the normal condition tells us that for any given x in the true population, the distribution of y's that you would expect is normal, is normal So let me see if I can draw a normal distribution for the y's given that x. So that would be that normal distribution there.
And then let's say for this x right over here, you would expect a normal distribution as well so just like, just like this. So if we're given x, the distribution of y's should be normal.
Once again many times you'll just be told to assume that that has been met because it might, at least in an introductory statistics class be a little bit hard to figure this out on your own.
E: Equal Variance
And that's just saying that each of these normal distributions (for y) should have the same spread for a given x.
And so you could say equal variance or you could even think about them having the equal standard deviation.
So, for example, if, for a given x, let's say for this x, all of sudden you had a much lower variance, made it look like this, then you would no longer meet your conditions for inference.
R: Random Condition
This condition is that the data comes from a well-designed random sample or some type of randomized experiment And this condition we have seen in every type of condition for inference that we have looked at so far. So I'll leave you there. It's good to know It will show up on some exams. But many times, when it comes to problem solving, in an introductory statistics class, they will tell you, hey just assume the conditions for inference have been met. Or what are the conditions for inference? But they're not going to actually make you prove, for example the normal or the equal variance condition. That might be a bit much for an introductory statistics class.
12. Practice Question
Ques 1: Can we solve this "y = (x^m)c" equation with linear regression?
Ans 1:
Equation of line: y = mx + c
Log(y) = log((x^m)c)
Log(y) = log(x^m) + log(c)
Log(y) = m.log(x) + log(c)
Y = log(y)
X = log(x)
C = log(c)
Y = mX + C
So answer is 'yes'.
Ques 2: What does the term “Linear” mean in phrase “Linear Regression”?
Ans 2:
The model we are going to use is “Linear” in nature and we are assuming a linear relationship between dependent attributes and independent attributes.
And, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable and one or more real-valued independent variables.
Ques 3: What is 'y-intercept'?
Ans 3:
Alprax 0.25 Tablet
Prescription: Required
Manufacturer: Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Alprazolam (0.25mg)
Storage: Store below 30°C
Introduction
Alprax 0.25 Tablet belongs to a class of medicines known as benzodiazepines. It is used to treat anxiety. It alters brain activity, calms it, and provides relief from panic attacks by relaxing the nerves.
Alprax 0.25 Tablet may be taken with or without food. However, it is advised to take it at the same time each day as this helps to maintain a consistent level of medicine in the body. Take this medicine in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor as it has a high potential of habit-forming. If you have missed a dose, take it as soon as you remember it and finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better. This medication mustn't be stopped suddenly without talking to the doctor as it may cause nausea and anxiety.
The most common side effect of this medicine is lightheadedness. It may cause dizziness and sleepiness, so do not drive or do anything that requires mental focus until you know how this medicine affects you.
It may also cause weight gain or weight loss as it can vary from person to person. To prevent weight gain you can eat a healthy balanced diet, avoid snacking with high-calorie foods, and exercise regularly. Weight loss can be managed by increasing food portions and consulting a dietitian. If you have been taking this medicine for a long time then regular monitoring of blood and liver functions may be required.
Uses of Alprax Tablet
- Anxiety
- Panic disorder
Benefits of Alprax Tablet
In Anxiety
Alprax 0.25 Tablet reduces the symptoms of excessive anxiety and worry. It can also reduce feelings of restlessness, tiredness, difficulty concentrating, and feeling irritable. It will therefore help you go about your daily activities more easily and be more productive. Keep taking this medicine even if you feel well. Stopping it suddenly can cause serious problems. So, do not stop taking it without discussing it with your doctor.
In Panic disorder
Alprax 0.25 Tablet can help relieve symptoms of many panic disorders including panic attacks. It can help you feel calmer and improve your ability to deal with problems. Do not stop taking it, even when you feel better unless your doctor advises you to.
Side effects of Alprax Tablet
Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.
Common side effects of Alprax:
1. Lightheadedness
2. Drowsiness
How Alprax Tablet works
Alprax 0.25 Tablet is a benzodiazepine. It works by increasing the action of a chemical messenger (GABA) which suppresses the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells in the brain.
Quick tips
1. The addiction / habit-forming potential of this medicine is very high. Take it only as per the dose and duration advised by your doctor.
2. It may cause dizziness. Do not drive or do anything that requires mental focus until you know how this medicine affects you.
3. Avoid consuming alcohol as it may increase dizziness and drowsiness.
4. Inform your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to conceive or breastfeeding.
5. Do not stop taking medication suddenly without talking to your doctor as that may lead to nausea, anxiety, agitation, flu-like symptoms, sweating, tremor, and confusion.
Fact Box
Chemical Class: Benzodiazepines Derivative
Habit Forming: Yes
Therapeutic Class: NEURO CNS
Action Class: Benzodiazepines
Tags: Behavioral Science, Emotional Intelligence, Medicine, Psychology, Science
1.
get
/ɡɛt/
Learn to pronounce
verb
verb: get; 3rd person present: gets; past tense: got; past participle: got; past participle: gotten; gerund or present participle: getting
1.
come to have (something); receive.
"I got a letter from him the other day"
h
Similar:
acquire
obtain
come by
come to have
come into possession of
receive
gain
earn
win
come into
come in for
take possession of
take receipt of
be given
buy
purchase
procure
possess oneself of
secure
gather
collect
pick up
appropriate
amass
build up
hook
net
land
achieve
attain
get one's hands on
get one's mitts on
get hold of
grab
bag
score
swing
nab
collar
cop
be sent
be in receipt of
accept delivery of
retrieve
regain (possession of)
win back
recover
take back
recoup
reclaim
repossess
recapture
retake
redeem
find (again)
track down
trace
claw back
replevin
replevy
h
Opposite:
give
send
lose
experience, suffer, or be afflicted with (something bad).
"I got a sudden pain in my left eye"
h
Similar:
experience
suffer
be afflicted with
undergo
sustain
feel
have
receive as a punishment or penalty.
"I'll get the sack if things go wrong"
contract (a disease or ailment).
"I might be getting the flu"
h
Similar:
succumb to
develop
go/come down with
sicken for
fall victim to
be struck down with
be stricken with
be afflicted by/with
be smitten by/with
become infected with/by
catch
contract
become ill/sick with
fall ill/sick with
be taken ill with
show symptoms of
go down with
take ill with
take sick with
2.
succeed in attaining, achieving, or experiencing; obtain.
"I need all the sleep I can get"
move in order to pick up or bring (something); fetch.
"get another chair"
h
Similar:
fetch
collect
go for
call for
pick up
bring
carry
deliver
convey
ferry
transport
escort
conduct
lead
usher
h
Opposite:
take
leave
prepare (a meal).
"Celia went to the kitchen to start getting their dinner"
h
Similar:
prepare
get ready
cook
make
put together
assemble
muster
dish up
concoct
fix
rustle up
knock up
tend to meet with or find in a specified place or situation.
"for someone used to the tiny creatures we get in England it was something of a shock"
travel by or catch (a bus, train, or other form of transport).
"I got a taxi across to Baker Street"
h
Similar:
travel by/on/in
journey by/on/in
take
catch
use
make use of
utilize
obtain (a figure or answer) as a result of calculation.
make contact with, especially by phone.
"you can get me at home if you need me"
Similar:
contact
get in touch with
communicate with
make contact with
reach
be in communication with
phone
call
radio
speak to
talk to
get on to
ring up
get hold of
respond to a ring of (a telephone or doorbell).
"I'll get the door!"
informal
used to draw attention to someone whom one regards as pretentious or vain.
"get her!"
3.
reach or cause to reach a specified state or condition.
"he'd got thinner"
Similar:
become
grow
turn
go
come to be
get to be
wax
used with past participle to form the passive mood.
"the cat got drowned"
cause to be treated in a specified way.
"get the form signed by a doctor"
induce or prevail upon (someone) to do something.
"they got her to sign the consent form"
Similar:
persuade
induce
prevail on
influence
talk round
wheedle into
talk into
cajole into
inveigle into
win over
bring around
sway
have the opportunity to do.
"he got to try out a few of these nice new cars"
Similar:
contrive
arrange
find a way
engineer a way
manage
succeed in
organize
work it
fix it
compass
begin to be or do something, especially gradually or by chance.
"we got talking one evening"
4.
come, go, or make progress eventually or with some difficulty.
"Nigel got home very late"
Similar:
arrive
reach
come
make it
turn up
appear
put in an appearance
make an appearance
come on the scene
come up
approach
enter
present oneself
be along
come along
materialize
show up
show
roll in
roll up
blow in
show one's face
return
come home
come back
arrive home
arrive back
come again
Opposite:
set out
move or come into a specified position, situation, or state.
"she got into the car"
Similar:
become
grow
turn
go
come to be
get to be
wax
succeed in making (someone or something) come, go, or move somewhere.
"she had to get them away from the rocks"
informal•North American
reach a specified point or stage.
"it's getting so I can't even think"
5.
see have.
6.
catch or apprehend (someone).
"the police have got him"
Similar:
apprehend
catch
arrest
capture
seize
take
take prisoner
take captive
take into custody
detain
put in jail
throw in jail
put behind bars
imprison
incarcerate
collar
grab
nab
nail
run in
bust
pick up
pull in
haul in
do
feel someone's collar
pinch
nick
strike or wound (someone) with a blow or missile.
"you got me in the eye!"
informal
punish, injure, or kill (someone), especially as retribution.
"I'll get you for this!"
Similar:
take revenge on
be revenged on
exact/wreak revenge on
get one's revenge on
avenge oneself on
take vengeance on
get even with
settle a/the score with
pay back
pay out
retaliate on/against
get back at
take reprisals against
exact retribution on
give/return like for like
give tit for tat
give someone their comeuppance
get one's own back on
informal
be punished, injured, or killed.
"wait until dad comes home, then you'll get it!"
informal
be appropriately punished or rewarded.
"I'll get mine, you'll get yours, we'll all get wealthy"
Similar:
receive
be sent
be in receipt of
accept delivery of
be given
Opposite:
send
informal
annoy (someone) greatly.
"cleaning the same things all the time, that's what gets me"
Similar:
annoy
irritate
exasperate
anger
irk
vex
inflame
put out
nettle
needle
provoke
incense
infuriate
madden
rub up the wrong way
try someone's patience
make someone's blood boil
ruffle someone's feathers
make someone's hackles rise
get someone's hackles up
rattle someone's cage
aggravate
peeve
miff
rile
get to
hack off
get someone's back up
get on someone's nerves
get under someone's skin
get someone's goat
get someone's dander up
get in someone's hair
be a thorn in someone's flesh
drive mad
drive crazy
drive nuts
make someone see red
wind up
nark
get across
get someone's wick
give someone the hump
get up someone's nose
tee off
tick off
eat
burn up
vulgar slang
piss off
get on someone's tits
baffle (someone).
"she had got me there: I could not answer"
Similar:
baffle
nonplus
perplex
puzzle
bewilder
mystify
bemuse
confuse
confound
disconcert
throw
set someone thinking
flummox
discombobulate
faze
stump
beat
fox
floor
fog
wilder
gravel
maze
cause to be at a stand
pose
7.
informal
understand (an argument or the person making it).
"What do you mean? I don't get it"
h
Similar:
hear
recognize
discern
distinguish
make out
pick out
perceive
follow
keep up with
take in
understand
comprehend
grasp
see
fathom
puzzle out
work out
apprehend
get to the bottom of
unravel
decipher
get the drift of
catch on to
latch on to
make head or tail of
figure out
get the picture
get the message
twig
suss out
suss
8.
archaic
acquire (knowledge) by study; learn.
"that knowledge which is gotten at school"
noun
noun: get; plural noun: gets
1.
dated
an animal's offspring.
2.
informal•dialect
a person whom the speaker dislikes or despises.
- - -
2.
author
/ˈɔːθə/
Learn to pronounce
noun
noun: author; plural noun: authors
a writer of a book, article, or document.
"he is the author of several books on the subject"
h
Similar:
writer
man/woman of letters
wordsmith
novelist
dramatist
playwright
screenwriter
scriptwriter
poet
essayist
biographer
journalist
columnist
reporter
correspondent
librettist
lyricist
songwriter
littérateur
penman
penwoman
scribe
scribbler
pen-pusher
someone who writes books as a profession.
the writings produced by a particular author.
"I had to read authors I disliked"
an originator of a plan or idea.
"the authors of the peace plan"
h
Similar:
originator
creator
initiator
instigator
founder
father
prime mover
architect
engineer
designer
deviser
planner
inventor
maker
producer
cause
agent
begetter
verb
verb: author; 3rd person present: authors; past tense: authored; past participle: authored; gerund or present participle: authoring
be the author of (a book or piece of writing).
"she has authored several articles on wildlife"
be the originator of.
"the concept has been authored largely by insurance companies"
- - -
3.
rule
/ruːl/
Learn to pronounce
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noun
plural noun: rules; noun: Rules
1.
one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct or procedure within a particular area of activity.
"the rules of cricket"
h
Similar:
regulation
ruling
directive
order
court order
act
law
by-law
statute
edict
canon
ordinance
pronouncement
mandate
command
dictate
dictum
decree
fiat
proclamation
injunction
commandment
prescription
stipulation
requirement
precept
guideline
direction
ukase
pronunciamento
a principle that operates within a particular sphere of knowledge, describing or prescribing what is possible or allowable.
"the rules of grammar"
h
Similar:
precept
principle
standard
axiom
truth
truism
maxim
aphorism
a code of practice and discipline for a religious order or community.
"the Rule of St Benedict"
2.
control of or dominion over an area or people.
"the revolution brought an end to British rule"
Similar:
control
jurisdiction
command
power
sway
dominion
government
administration
sovereignty
leadership
ascendancy
supremacy
authority
direction
mastery
hegemony
regime
influence
raj
regiment
3.
the normal or customary state of things.
"such accidents are the exception rather than the rule"
Similar:
procedure
practice
protocol
convention
standard
norm
form
routine
custom
habit
wont
praxis
4.
a strip of wood or other rigid material used for measuring length or marking straight lines; a ruler.
a thin printed line or dash.
5.
Australian
short for Australian Rules.
verb
3rd person present: rules
1.
exercise ultimate power or authority over (an area and its people).
"the region today is ruled by elected politicians"
Similar:
govern
preside over
control
have control of
be in control of
lead
be the leader of
dominate
run
head
direct
administer
manage
regulate
sway
be in power
be in control
hold sway
be in authority
be in command
be in charge
be at the helm
reign
sit on the throne
wear the crown
wield the sceptre
be monarch
be sovereign
(of a feeling) have a powerful and restricting influence on.
"her whole life seemed to be ruled by fear"
be a dominant or powerful factor.
"the black market rules supreme"
h
Similar:
prevail
obtain
be the order of the day
predominate
hold sway
be supreme
informal
be very good or the best.
"Jackie tells me about Hanna's newest band, and says that it absolutely rules"
Astrology
(of a planet) have a particular influence over (a sign of the zodiac, house, etc.).
"the tenth House, ruled by Saturn and associated with Capricorn"
2.
pronounce authoritatively and legally to be the case.
"an industrial tribunal ruled that he was unfairly dismissed from his job"
Similar:
decree
order
direct
pronounce
make a judgement
judge
adjudge
adjudicate
lay down
ordain
decide
find
determine
resolve
settle
establish
hold
asseverate
3.
make parallel lines across (paper).
"rule the pages horizontally and print the information within the rules."
4.
(of a price or a traded commodity with regard to its price) have a specified general level or strength.
"in the jutes section Indus and Pak Jute ruled firm"
- - -
4.
scroll
/skrəʊl/
Learn to pronounce
See definitions in:
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architecture
art
heraldry
computing
noun
noun: scroll; plural noun: scrolls
1.
a roll of parchment or paper for writing on.
an ancient book or document written on a scroll.
an ornamental design or carving resembling a partly unrolled scroll of parchment, e.g. on the capital of a column, or at the end of a stringed instrument.
Art•Heraldry
a depiction of a narrow ribbon bearing a motto or inscription.
2.
the facility which moves a display on a computer screen in order to view new material.
"if scroll is enabled, the window scrolls down"
verb
verb: scroll; 3rd person present: scrolls; past tense: scrolled; past participle: scrolled; gerund or present participle: scrolling
1.
move displayed text or graphics in a particular direction on a computer screen in order to view different parts of them.
"she scrolled through her file"
(of displayed text or graphics) move up, down, or across a computer screen.
"the words of the story begin scrolling up the screen"
2.
cause to move like paper rolling or unrolling.
"the wind scrolled back the uppermost layer of loose dust"
Origin
- - -
5.
up
/ʌp/
See definitions in:
all
university
transportation
sports
computing
physics
geography
adverb
adverb: up
1.
towards a higher place or position.
"he jumped up"
upstairs.
"she made her way up to bed"
(of the sun) visible after daybreak.
"the sun was already up when they set off"
expressing movement towards or position in the north.
"he's driving up to Inverness to see the old man"
to or at a place perceived as higher.
"I'm going for a walk up to the shops"
used as a command to a soldier or an animal to stand up and be ready to move or attack.
exclamation: up
"up, boys, and at 'em"
(of food that has been eaten) regurgitated from the stomach.
"I was ill and vomited up everything"
2.
at or to a higher level of intensity, volume, or activity.
"she turned the volume up"
at or to a higher price, value, or rank.
"sales are up 22.8 per cent at $50.2 m"
winning or at an advantage by a specified margin.
"United were 3–1 up at half time"
3.
to the place where someone is.
"Dot didn't hear Mrs Parvis come creeping up behind her"
4.
towards or in the capital or a major city.
"give me a ring when you're up in London"
British
at or to a university, especially Oxford or Cambridge.
"they were up at Cambridge about the same time"
5.
into the desired or a proper condition.
"the government agreed to set up a committee of inquiry"
so as to be finished or closed.
"I've got a bit of paperwork to finish up"
6.
into a happy mood.
"I don't think anything's going to cheer me up"
7.
out of bed.
"Miranda hardly ever got up for breakfast"
8.
displayed on a noticeboard or other publicly visible site.
"sticking up posters to advertise concerts"
9.
(of sailing) against the current or the wind.
"the bow of the boat was brought slowly up into the wind and held there"
(of a ship's helm) moved round to windward so that the rudder is to leeward.
10.
Baseball
at bat.
"every time up, he had a different stance"
preposition
preposition: up
1.
from a lower to a higher point of (something).
"she climbed up a flight of steps"
to a higher part of (a river or stream), away from the sea.
"a cruise up the Rhine"
2.
along or further along (a street or road).
"he lived up the road"
3.
informal
at or to (a place).
"we're going up the Palais"
adjective
adjective: up
1.
directed or moving towards a higher place or position.
"the up escalator"
relating to or denoting trains travelling towards the major point on a route.
"the first up train"
2.
at an end.
"his contract was up in three weeks"
3.
(of a road) being repaired.
4.
(of a computer system) functioning properly.
"the system is now up"
5.
in a cheerful mood; ebullient.
"the mood here is resolutely up"
6.
(of a jockey) in the saddle.
7.
Physics
denoting a flavour (variety) of stable quark having relatively low mass and an electric charge of + 2/3. In the Standard Model protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks.
nouninformal
noun: up; plural noun: ups
a period of good fortune or positive mood.
"you can't have ups all the time in football"
verb
verb: up; 3rd person present: ups; past tense: upped; past participle: upped; gerund or present participle: upping
1.
informal
do something unexpectedly.
"she upped and left him"
2.
increase (a level or amount).
"capacity will be upped by 70 per cent next year"
3.
lift (something) up.
"everybody was cheering and upping their glasses"
informal•West Indian
raise or pick up (something).
"this woman ups with a stone"
Phrases
be well up on
be well informed about. "they are well up on current environmental trends"
it is all up with
it is the end or there is no hope for.
get it up
(of a man) achieve an erection.
- - -
6.
straight
/streɪt/
Learn to pronounce
See definitions in:
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architecture
drink
theatre
racing
cards
sex · informal
alcoholic · informal
adjective
adjective: straight; comparative adjective: straighter; superlative adjective: straightest
1.
extending or moving uniformly in one direction only; without a curve or bend.
"a long, straight road"
h
Similar:
unswerving
undeviating
linear
direct
as straight as an arrow
uncurving
unbending
h
Opposite:
winding
zigzag
(of hair) not curly or wavy.
(of a garment) not flared or fitted closely to the body.
"a straight skirt"
(of an aim, blow, or course) going direct to the intended target.
"a straight punch to the face"
Geometry
(of a line) lying on the shortest path between any two of its points.
(of an arch) flat-topped.
2.
properly positioned so as to be level, upright, or symmetrical.
"he made sure his tie was straight"
h
Similar:
level
even
true
in line
aligned
square
plumb
properly positioned
symmetrical
vertical
upright
perpendicular
horizontal
h
Opposite:
crooked
askew
in proper order or condition.
"it'll take a long time to get the place straight"
h
Similar:
in order
tidy
neat and tidy
neat
in apple-pie order
orderly
spick and span
organized
arranged
sorted out
straightened out
trim
spruce
together
h
Opposite:
untidy
messy
3.
not evasive; honest.
"a straight answer"
Similar:
honest
direct
frank
candid
truthful
sincere
forthright
straightforward
plain-spoken
plain-speaking
plain
blunt
downright
outspoken
straight from the shoulder
no-nonsense
unequivocal
unambiguous
unqualified
unvarnished
upfront
round
free-spoken
Opposite:
indirect
evasive
simple; straightforward.
"a straight choice between nuclear power and penury"
(of a look) bold and steady.
"he gave her a straight, no-nonsense look"
(of thinking) clear, logical, and unemotional.
h
Similar:
logical
rational
clear
lucid
sound
coherent
unemotional
dispassionate
Opposite:
irrational
illogical
4.
in continuous succession.
"he scored his fourth straight win"
Similar:
successive
in succession
consecutive
in a row
one after the other
running
uninterrupted
solid
unbroken
on the trot
5.
(of an alcoholic drink) undiluted; neat.
"straight brandy"
Similar:
undiluted
neat
unmixed
unadulterated
pure
unblended
uncut
straight up
h
Opposite:
diluted
6.
(especially of drama) serious as opposed to comic or musical.
"a straight play"
7.
informal
(of a person) conventional or respectable.
"she looked pretty straight in her school clothes"
Similar:
respectable
upright
upstanding
honourable
honest
on the level
decent
right-minded
law-abiding
conventional
conservative
traditional
conformist
old-fashioned
strait-laced
unadventurous
stuffy
square
fuddy-duddy
heterosexual.
adverb
adverb: straight
1.
in a straight line; directly.
"he was gazing straight at her"
h
Similar:
right
directly
squarely
full
plumb
smack
bang
slap bang
spang
smack dab
with no delay or diversion; directly or immediately.
"after dinner we went straight back to our hotel"
h
Similar:
directly
right
by a direct route
without deviating
in a beeline
as the crow flies
by the shortest route
right away
straight away
without delay
immediately
at once
as soon as possible
ASAP
tout de suite
toot sweet
before you can say knife
straightway
instanter
Opposite:
later
eventually
archaic
at once; immediately.
"I'll fetch up the bath to you straight"
2.
in or into a level, even, or upright position.
"he pulled his clothes straight"
3.
correctly; clearly.
"I'm so tired I can hardly think straight"
Similar:
logically
rationally
clearly
lucidly
coherently
cogently
unemotionally
dispassionately
properly
correctly
honestly and directly; in a straightforward manner.
"I told her straight—the kid's right"
h
Similar:
frankly
directly
straight out
candidly
honestly
forthrightly
outspokenly
plainly
point-blank
bluntly
flatly
roundly
straight from the shoulder
with no holds barred
without beating about the bush
without mincing words
unequivocally
unambiguously
in plain English
to someone's face
pulling no punches
straight up
4.
without a break; continuously.
"he remembered working sixteen hours straight"
noun
noun: straight; plural noun: straights
1.
a part of something that is not curved or bent, especially a straight section of a racecourse.
"he pulled away in the straight to win by half a second"
archaic
a form or position that is not curved or bent.
"the rod flew back to the straight"
2.
(in poker) a continuous sequence of five cards.
3.
informal
a conventional person.
a heterosexual person.
4.
informal•South African
(in township slang) a 750 ml bottle of alcoholic drink.
Phrases
get something straight
make a situation clear, especially by reaching an understanding.
go straight
live an honest life after being a criminal.
a straight face
a blank or serious facial expression, especially when trying not to laugh. "my father kept a straight face when he joked"
the straight and narrow
the honest and morally acceptable way of living. "he's making a real effort to get back on the straight and narrow"
straight away
immediately. "the clerk recognized her straight away"
a straight fight
a contest between just two opponents, especially in an election.
straight from the shoulder
(of a blow) swift and well delivered.
straight out
without hesitation or deliberation. "If you're not going to help me, just say so straight out"
straight up
truthfully; honestly. "come on, Bert, I won't hurt you—straight up"
Origin
- - -
Fluka 150 Tablet
Prescription: Required
MANUFACTURER: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Fluconazole (150mg)
STORAGE: Store below 30°C
INTRODUCTION
Fluka 150 Tablet is used to treat fungal infections of the mouth, throat, vagina, and other parts of the body including fingernails and toenails. It kills fungi by destroying the fungal cell membrane thereby stopping the growth of fungi.
Fluka 150 Tablet should be taken in the dose and duration as prescribed by your doctor. It should be swallowed whole and can be taken with or without food. The dosage and length of treatment will depend on the condition you are being treated for. Sometimes this will be in cycles of use and non-use. To get the most benefit, take this medicine at evenly spaced times and continue using it until your prescription is finished, even if your symptoms disappear after a few days. If you stop treatment too early, the infection may return and if you miss doses you can increase your risk of infections that are resistant to further treatment. Tell your doctor if the infection does not get better or if it gets worse. Avoid taking antacid treatments within one hour before or two hours after you take it.
The most common side effects of this medicine include stomach pain, headache, and nausea. You could ask your doctor about ways of preventing or reducing these effects. Stop taking medicine and inform your doctor if you notice signs of an allergic reaction such as rash, swelling of the lips, throat, or face, swallowing or breathing problems, dizziness, and nausea.
Do not take Fluka 150 Tablet if you are pregnant unless your doctor has told you to. Inform your doctor if you have a history of heart failure, a weak immune system (including HIV/AIDS), kidney problems, or liver problems such as yellow skin (jaundice). This medicine may not be suitable for you. If your course of treatment is for more than a month, your doctor may monitor your liver function. This medicine may make you dizzy so do not drive or operate machines until it is safe.
USES OF FLUKA 150 TABLET: Fungal infections
BENEFITS OF FLUKA 150 TABLET
In Fungal infections
Fluka 150 Tablet is an antifungal medicine. It works by killing and stopping the growth of fungi that causes the infection. It helps treat infections of the mouth, throat, vagina, and other parts of the body.
The dose and duration of treatment will depend on what you are being treated for. Make sure you complete the full course of treatment. This will ensure that the infection is completely cured and prevent it from returning.
SIDE EFFECTS OF FLUKA 150 TABLET
Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.
Common side effects of Fluka 150 Tablet:
1. Headache
2. Nausea
3. Stomach pain
SAFETY ADVICE OF FLUKA 150 TABLET
Driving : UNSAFE
Fluka 150 Tablet may cause side effects which could affect your ability to drive.
Fluka 150 Tablet may cause dizziness or seizures. This may affect your ability to drive.
Kidney : UNSAFE
Fluka 150 Tablet is probably unsafe to use in patients with kidney disease and should be avoided. Please consult your doctor.
Caution to be advised in patients with impaired renal function.
Liver : CAUTION
Fluka 150 Tablet should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. Dose adjustment of Fluka 150 Tablet may be needed. Please consult your doctor.
Quick tips
Your doctor has prescribed Fluka 150 Tablet to cure your infection and improve symptoms.
Do not skip any doses and finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better.
Use a reliable method of contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking this medicine.
Your doctor may check your liver function before starting treatment and regularly thereafter. Inform your doctor if you notice yellowing of eyes or skin, dark urine, or stomach pain.
Inform your doctor if you develop severe skin rash like blistering of the skin along with fever.
Interaction with drugs
Taking Fluka with any of the following medicines can modify the effect of either of them and cause some undesirable side effects:
#1
Alfuzosin
Brand(s): Efzu, Alfuzee, Alfuflo
LIFE-THREATENING
#2
Amisulpride
Brand(s): Stozen, Sulpigold, Amisulide
LIFE-THREATENING
#3
Aripiprazole
Brand(s): Arifril, Biozol, Elrip
LIFE-THREATENING
#4
Chlorpromazine
Brand(s): Trinicalm Forte Tablet, Karzine
LIFE-THREATENING
#5
Haloperidol
Brand(s): Haldol
Use of Haloperidol and Fluconazole should be avoided at the same time. Fluconazole is expected to increase Haloperidol levels, which may result in potential life-threatening abnormal heart rate.
Tags: Science,Medicine,
