Hard worker is one who puts in more than expected effort to make sure no stone remains unturned for
achieving something. Ultimate result can be failure or success but effort that goes in for this task is
best that which this person could have done in his capacity with limited resources available. Someone
rightly said, "Tides can change shape of stones if consistency is maintained". Hard workers are someone
having similar characteristics where they continuously try to perform best under extreme circumstances
to gain best out of the provided situation.
Hard worker is one who puts in more than expected effort to make sure no stone remains unturned for
achieving something. Ultimate result can be failure or success but effort which goes in for this task is
best which that person could have done in his capacity with limited resources available. Someone rightly
said - Tides can change shape of stones if consistency is maintained. Hard worker are somone having
similar characteristics where they continuously try to perform best under extreme circumstances to gain
best out of provided situation
What are the three things that are most important to you in a
job?
Respect, renumeration and growth.
Tell me about a time when you were asked to do something you had never done before. How did you react?
What did you learn?
Tasks are always new for me most of the times. Am not afraid of new activities or tasks. Older,
repetitive things (no brainer) irritate me the most.
Always new for me most of the times, not afraid of new activities or
tasks. Older repetitive things (no brainer) irritate most.
Dated: 16 Mar, 2021
Tags: Communication Skills,Management,Success Story
$ git push
Username for 'https://github.com': abc@xyz.com
Password for 'https://abc@xyz.com@github.com':
Enumerating objects: 141, done.
Counting objects: 100% (141/141), done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (137/137), done.
error: RPC failed; curl 92 HTTP/2 stream 0 was not closed cleanly: CANCEL (err 8)
fatal: the remote end hung up unexpectedly
Writing objects: 100% (140/140), 1.23 GiB | 9.97 MiB/s, done.
Total 140 (delta 10), reused 1 (delta 0)
fatal: the remote end hung up unexpectedly
Everything up-to-date$ git add -A
$ git commit -m "tech books feb 2021" [main 2bb4082] tech books feb 2021
21 files changed, 83453 deletions(-)
delete mode 100755 abc.pdf
...
delete mode 100755 def.pdfDeleting large files did not help. Rather it increased the number of items in 'writing objects' log line.
The fix is to do a 'git reset --hard [commit hash]'
$ git push
Username for 'https://github.com': abc@xyz.com
Password for 'https://abc@xyz.com@github.com':
Enumerating objects: 144, done.
Counting objects: 100% (144/144), done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (140/140), done.
error: RPC failed; curl 92 HTTP/2 stream 0 was not closed cleanly: CANCEL (err 8)
fatal: the remote end hung up unexpectedly
Writing objects: 100% (143/143), 1.24 GiB | 6.00 MiB/s, done.
Total 143 (delta 11), reused 1 (delta 0)
fatal: the remote end hung up unexpectedly
Everything up-to-date
-- -- --
Ref: confluence.atlassian.comTags: Technology,GitHub
To review, git reset is a powerful command that is used to undo local changes to the state of a Git repo. Git reset operates on "The Three Trees of Git". These trees are the Commit History (HEAD), the Staging Index, and the Working Directory. There are three command line options that correspond to the three trees.
If your commit is only a 'local commit':
1. It would show up in output of command 'git log'.
2. But it won't show up on the 'github.com' at URL:
https://github.com/${userName}/${repoName}/commits
And command "git status" would tell you how many local commits you are having:
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 1 commit.
(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
... Few additional information 'git status' would tell you in case you are not sure about what is wrong or what to do:
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'.
Changes to be committed:
(use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
new file: abc.pdf
new file: xyz.pdf
...
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 1 commit.
(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)Use 'git reset --hard' to throw away any 'local commits'If you want to go to a specific reference other than a remote branch:$ git reset --hard <commit hash, branch, or tag>
For example:
"git log" will tell you how many local commits are you ahead of the last pushed commit:
$ git log
commit c...d (HEAD -> main)
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 09:32:07 2021 +0530
tech books feb 2021
commit 6...9
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 09:26:59 2021 +0530
tech books feb 2021
commit 2...3
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 09:21:32 2021 +0530
tech books feb 2021
commit 5...9
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 09:12:58 2021 +0530
tech books feb 2021
commit 9...7 (origin/main, origin/HEAD)
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 08:50:50 2021 +0530
tech books
-- -- --
$ git reset --hard 9...7HEAD is now at 9...7 tech books
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'.
nothing to commit, working tree clean
-- -- --
References
Ref 1: Head vs Head vs Head
Ref 2: What does caret character means in 'git reset head'
Ref 3: Throw away local commits in Git
Ref 4: Atlassian - git resetTags: Technology,GitHub
Para 1:
Luliconazole, trade names Luzu among others, is an imidazole antifungal medication. As a 1% topical cream, It is indicated for the treatment of athlete's foot (tinea pedis), jock itch (tinea cruris), and ringworm (tinea) caused by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum.
Trade names: Luzu, Luzarn, Lulicon, LULY, Zyluli, Luris
Ref: Luliconazole
Para 2:
Luliconazole is a topical antifungal agent that acts by unknown mechanisms but is postulated to involve altering the synthesis of fungi cell membranes. It was approved by the FDA (USA) in November 2013 and is marketed under the brand name Luzu. Luliconazole is also approved in Japan.
Ref: Luliconazole
National Library of Medicine (National Center for Biotechnology Information)
Para 3:
An in vivo study in adult subjects with moderate to severe interdigital tinea pedis and tinea cruris (jock itch) showed that LUZU Cream, 1% is mostly a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19. In a separate trial in adolescent subjects with tinea cruris, in vivo blood levels of LUZU Cream, 1%, were seen to approach those levels sufficient to show moderate inhibition of CYP2C19.
Ref: Luzu drugBrands
1.
Dexoderm-L (20g)
From: Micro Labs
Salt: Luliconazole Cream 1% w/w
Preservative: Benzyl Alcohol 1% w/w
2.
Lulifin Cream (20g)
Prescription Required
Manufacturer: Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Luliconazole (1% w/w)
Preservative:
2.1. Methylparaben
Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative and has the E number E218. Methylparaben is commonly used as a fungicide in Drosophila food media at 0.1%.
Methylparaben, also methyl paraben, one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH₃. It is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
2.2. Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C₆H₅CH₂OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn", thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure.
Tags: Science,Medicine,
Domperidone is a medication used as an antiemetic, gastric prokinetic agent, and galactagogue.
Dosage
In April 2014 Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures – Human (CMDh) published official press-release suggesting to restrict the use of domperidone-containing medicines. It also approved earlier published suggestions by Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) to use domperidone only for curing nausea and vomiting and reduce maximum daily dosage to 10 mg.
Ref 1: Domperidone
Ref 2: Restricting Domperidone UseProducts in Market
1.
Vomistop Tablet
Manufacturer: Cipla Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Domperidone (10mg) [This is the proposed maximum dosage limit for this drug.]
Ref: Vomistop
2.
Domstal 10mg Tablet
Manufacturer: Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION: Domperidone (10mg)
Ref: Domstal
According to the above '1mg' reference:
Domstal 10mg Tablet is a prescription medicine used in the treatment of indigestion, nausea and vomiting. It blocks the substance on the brain that triggers nausea or vomiting and it also increases the movement of food in the stomach, thereby improves digestion.
From Wikipedia:
The drug is used to relieve nausea and vomiting; to increase the transit of food through the stomach (by increasing gastrointestinal peristalsis); and to promote lactation (breast milk production) by release of prolactin.
Also, it is a peripherally selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist.
Note:
- Nausea is feeling an urge to vomit. It is often called "being sick to your stomach."
- Vomiting or throwing-up is forcing the contents of the stomach up through the food pipe (esophagus) and out of the mouth.
There is some evidence that domperidone has antiemetic activity. It is recommended by the Canadian Headache Society for treatment of nausea associated with acute migraine.
Ref: Canadian headache society guideline acute drug therapy for Migraine headacheTags: Science,Medicine,
$ git logcommit b...9 (HEAD -> main, origin/main, origin/HEAD)
Author: unknown <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Sun Nov 1 14:00:25 2020 +0530
cmt
commit 4...1
Author: unknown <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Thu Oct 29 22:57:00 2020 +0530
cmt
commit 4...2
Author: abc <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Wed Oct 28 19:15:29 2020 +0530
Add files via upload
commit 7...e
Author: unknown <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Tue Oct 27 22:29:20 2020 +0530
cmt
commit b...f
Author: abc <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Tue Oct 27 22:26:23 2020 +0530
Initial commit
On the "github.com", you can view your commits at a URL for your profile and repository such as one given below:
https://github.com/${myUsername}/${myRepoName}/commits/main
Command "git log" also shows some differing output for local and pushed commits.
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 1 commit.
(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
deleted: Books (Feb)/Introductory statistics Part1 Descriptive Statistics.tgz
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
See these in 'git log' output below:
(HEAD -> main) OR (origin/main, origin/HEAD) OR (HEAD -> main, origin/main, origin/HEAD)
$ git log
commit d...2 (HEAD -> main)
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 10:19:42 2021 +0530
cmt 1019
commit c...c (origin/main, origin/HEAD)
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 10:16:59 2021 +0530
cmt 1016
commit 3...b
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 10:15:51 2021 +0530
cmt 1015When there are no local commits:
$ git log
commit c5...c (HEAD -> main, origin/main, origin/HEAD)
Author: ashish <abc@xyz.com>
Date: Mon Mar 15 10:16:59 2021 +0530
cmt 1016
Dated: March 2021
Tags: Technology,GitHub,
Title: GitHub Commits and Command 'git log'
URL for Facebook settings:
% Facebook Settings
% FB Security Settings
Facebook also provides a way to: "Check your important security settings"
URL: https://www.facebook.com/privacy/review/?review_id=5
Note the "review_id" parameter above. This is like a random number (not sure right now).
The basic information "Facebook" tells about the two-factor authentication:
Add an extra layer of security to your account
If you turn on two-factor authentication, we'll ask for a code if we see an attempted login from an unrecognised device or browser.
Security tips:
• You can set this up via SMS or an authentication app on more than one device
• You can't reset your password with a phone number used for two-factor authentication. Make sure that you have at least one other up-to-date email address or phone number on your account.
Secure your account with two-factor authentication
Add extra security to your account each time you log in on a phone or computer we don't recognise.
Extra protection: We'll ask for your password and then a login code any time we notice an unusual login.
Choose a security method: We'll send a text message with a login code, or you can use a security app of your choice.
Select a security method
Whenever you log in from a phone or computer that we do not recognise, we'll ask for your password and a login code.
Authentication app: Use an app such as Google Authenticator or Duo Mobile to generate verification codes for more protection.
Text message (SMS): Use text messages (SMS) to receive verification codes. For your protection, phone numbers used for two-factor authentication can't be used to reset your password when two-factor authentication is on.
Two-factor authentication is on
Phn number: +91 **********
We'll send a verification code to this number if we notice an attempted login from a device or browser that we don't recognise.
For added protection, this number can't be used to reset your password when two-factor authentication is on.
Some screenshots
Activate Text Messaging on FB
1. "git status" to check if files need to be 'added'
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'.
Untracked files:
(use "git add [file]..." to include in what will be committed)
xyz_book.pdf
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
$ git add -A
2. "git status" to tell if files need to be 'committed'.
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'.
Changes to be committed:
(use "git restore --staged [file]..." to unstage)
new file: xyz_book.pdf
$ git commit -m "cmt"
[main d...0] cmt
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 xyz_book.pdf
3. "git status" to tell if files need to be 'pushed'.
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 1 commit.
(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
nothing to commit, working tree clean4. Finally, the "git push"
$ git push
Username for...
Password for...
Enumerating objects: 4, done.
Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 5.05 MiB | 54.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
To ...
f...0 main -> main
$ git push
Username for 'https://github.com': ^C
$ uname -a
Linux master 5.4.0-58-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Wed Dec 9 08:16:25 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
$ uname
Linux
Note: On our system, it is not automatically saving the credentials.
Tags: Technology,GitHub,
Python packages to send emails
This is not an exhaustive list and we are not covering any of these in detail.
1. smtplib
2. yagmail [Ref: stackoverflow]
3. From Google: 'googleapiclient', 'google_auth_oauthlib', 'google.auth.transport.requests' and (this is not from Google) email (as in from email.mime.text import MIMEText)
Ref: developers.google.com
4. 'email' as in:
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.parser import BytesParser, Parser
from email.policy import default
from email import encoders
5. win32com
As in:
import win32com.client as win32
outlook=win32.Dispatch('outlook.application')"
6. sendgrid
Ref: realpython
- - -
1. smtplib
This webpage has a very clear and basic code snippet for sending an email:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_sending_email.htm
With this package, you have to provide the server details as in this line of code:
smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
Or as in here:
# creates SMTP session
s = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587) # 587 is port.
Or
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com:587')
An Exampledef send_email_gmail(subject, message, destination):
# First assemble the message
msg = MIMEText(message, 'plain')
msg['Subject'] = subject
# Login and send the message
port = 587
my_mail = 'my_mail@hotmail.com'
my_password = 'my_password'
with smtplib.SMTP('smtp-mail.outlook.com', port) as server:
server.starttls()
server.login(my_mail, my_password)
server.sendmail(my_mail, destination, msg.as_string())SENDING MAIL VIA SSLimport smtplib, ssl
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
def send_email(subject, message, destination):
# First assemble the message
msg = MIMEText(message, 'plain')
msg['Subject'] = subject
# Login and send the message
port = 465
my_mail = 'me@gmail.com'
my_password = 'me'
context = ssl.create_default_context()
with smtplib.SMTP_SSL('smtp.gmail.com', port, context=context) as server:
server.login(my_mail, my_password)
server.sendmail(my_mail, destination, msg.as_string())
send_email('Test subject', 'This is the message', 'to_email@email.com')
Ref: stackoverflowReference URLs
1. docs.python.org
2. developers.google.com
3. stackoverflowTags: Technology,Python,
Add two-step verification for extra security
Enable two-step verification to require a code (in addition to your password) any time a login attempt is made from a new device or browser. We'll send you a text or call you with a new code that needs to be entered at sign in. The phone number we contact you with may be different each time.
1. Sign in and go to your Account security page.
2. Beside the "Two-step verification," click the Toggle button to turn it on Image of the toggle button set to the "On" position.
3. Enter your mobile number.
4. Click Send SMS or Call me to get a verification code.
5. Enter the verification code, then click Verify.
6. If you access Yahoo Mail in third-party apps, click Create app passwords or click Skip for now.
2-step verification using a security key
The security key is a physical authentication device that can use Bluetooth or plug directly into your device’s USB or Lightning port. When enabled as a 2-step verification method, it can help prevent malicious sign-ins by giving you additional control over your account.
How to sign in with a security key
Step 1: You’ll need to verify with a password or code.
Step 2: In addition, you’ll need to connect your security key to your device and tap on it to verify.
Add at least 2 alternative contact methods to enable your security key
When you add a backup contact method such as an alternative email address or mobile number, we can help you sign in if you forget your password or don't have access to your security key.
Note: One issue is Yahoo lets you setup MFA either via 'Security Key' or 'via Phone'.
Use Messenger to recover your account
Note: 'Messenger' is the Facebook messenger application.
MFA using Phone or Email
Email address is the alternate email address set in Yahoo Security Settings.
Disciplines From Which The Field of AI Borrows Ideas
2.1. Philosophy
a. Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
b. How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
c. Where does knowledge come from?
d. How does knowledge lead to action?
2.1.A. Concepts borrowed from “Philosophy”
Rationalism: The mind operates, at least in part, according to logical rules, and to build physical systems that emulate some of those rules; it’s another to say that the mind itself is such a physical system. - Rene Descartes (1596–1650)
Dualism: There is a part of the human mind (or soul or spirit) that is outside of nature, exempt from physical laws. Animals, on the other hand, did not possess this dual quality; they could be treated as machines.
Materialism: The brain operates according to the laws of physics that constitute the mind. Free will is simply the way that the perception of available choices appears to the choosing entity.
Empiricism: “Nothing is in the understanding, which was not first in the senses.” - John Locke (1632–1704)
Induction: General rules are acquired by exposure to repeated associations between their elements.
Confirmation Theory: Carnap and Carl Hempel (1905–1997) attempted to analyze the acquisition of knowledge from experience.
2.2. Mathematics
• What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
2.2.A. Concepts Borrowed From “Mathematics”
# Algorithm: The important step after determining the importance of logic and computation was “to determine the limits of what could be done with logic and computation.” The first nontrivial algorithm is thought to be Euclid’s algorithm for computing greatest common divisors. (Note: An algorithm is a set of instructions designed to perform a specific task.)
# Incompleteness Theorem: Incompleteness theorem showed that in any formal theory as strong as Peano arithmetic (the elementary theory of natural numbers), there are true statements that are undecidable in the sense that they have no proof within the theory. (Giuseppe Peano, 1858 – 1932) [Ref: 1, 2, 3]
# Computable: This fundamental result (of Incompleteness Theorem) can also be interpreted as showing that some functions on the integers cannot be represented by an algorithm—that is, they cannot be computed. This motivated Alan Turing (1912–1954) to try to characterize exactly which functions are computable—capable of being computed. (For example, no machine can tell in general whether a given program will return an answer on a given input or run forever.) [Ref 4]
# Tractability: Roughly speaking, a problem is called intractable if the time required to solve instances of the problem grows exponentially with the size of the instances. It is important because exponential growth means that even moderately large instances cannot be solved in any reasonable time. Therefore, one should strive to divide the overall problem of generating intelligent behavior into tractable subproblems rather than intractable ones. (Cobham, 1964; Edmonds, 1965).
# NP-Completeness: How can one recognize an intractable problem? The theory of NP-completeness, pioneered by Steven Cook (1971) and Richard Karp (1972), provides a method. Cook and Karp showed the existence of large classes of canonical combinatorial search and reasoning problems that are NP-complete. Any problem class to which the class of NP-complete problems can be reduced is likely to be intractable. (See more in Ref 5)
# Probability: Tell you how to deal with uncertain measurements and incomplete theories and underlies modern approaches to uncertain reasoning in AI systems.
Peano's Axioms
1. Zero is a number.
2. If “a” is a number, the successor of “a” is a number.
3. zero is not the successor of a number.
4. Two numbers of which the successors are equal are themselves equal.
5. (induction axiom) If a set S of numbers contains zero and also the successor of every number in S, then every number is in S.
Peano's axioms are the basis for the version of “number theory” known as “Peano arithmetic”.
Ref 1
In layman's terms: Any axiomatic system which is capable of arithmetic is either incomplete or inconsistent. An incomplete system is the one in which there are theorems which may be true but cannot be proven. An inconsistent system, on the other hand, is the one in which there are contradictions. However, if we do not want contradictions, every axiomatic system which is capable of arithmetic must be incomplete. Moreover, a "stronger" result is due to Turing, who showed that the process of finding theorems that cannot be proven is undecidable. In general, a problem is undecidable if there exists no algorithm that, in finite time, will lead to a correct yes-or-no answer. In this case, the problem is undecidable because there is no algorithm that, in finite time, will tell you whether the theorem you want to prove can be proven.
Note that the proof of Godel's Theorem is essentially a sophisticated Liar's Paradox, and the proof of Turing's Theorem uses Cantor's diagonal argument.
Ref 2
Explanation of "incompleteness theorem":
Choose Two:
% Complete
% Consistent
% Non-trivial
This is more of a wave in the direction of the meaning, but its what is generally remembered, knowing that I can look up the exact definition as required.
Complete: A system is complete if anything that can be stated, can be proved (within the system).
Consistent: A system is consistent if you can never prove a statement and its opposite.
Non-trivial: A system is non-trivial is it can be used for arithmetic calculations.
For example: First Order Logic (aka Propositional Logic), is trivial, this means it can be both complete and consistent.
Ref 3Computability Theory
This means that we do not worry about time and space efficiency of the algorithms. We just wonder whether there exists an algorithm. Computability theory is interesting for its negative results, if there is no algorithm at all, there is definitely no practical algorithm that works for all instances.
Ref 4NP-Completeness
An NP problem is an algorithmic problem such that if you have a case of the problem of size ‘n’, the number of steps needed to check the answer is smaller than the value of some polynomial in ‘n’. It doesn't mean one can find an answer in the polynomial number of steps, only check it.
An NP-complete problem is an NP problem such that if one could find answers to that problem in polynomial number of steps, one could also find answers to all NP problems in polynomial number of steps. This makes NP-complete decision problems the hardest problems in NP (they are NP-hard). People spent lots of time looking for algorithms that finds answers to some NP-complete problem in polynomial number of steps, but have not found any. Because of this, if someone shows a problem to be NP-complete, it is not likely that there is an algorithm solving it in polynomial number of steps.
Ref 52.3. Economics
• How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?
2.3.A Concepts Borrowed From “Economics”
# Utility: Most people think of economics as being about money, but economists will say that they are really studying how people make choices that lead to preferred outcomes. When McDonald’s offers a hamburger for a dollar, they are asserting that they would prefer the dollar and hoping that customers will prefer the hamburger. The mathematical treatment of “preferred outcomes” or utility was first formalized by Leon Walras (pronounced “Valrasse”) (1834-1910) and was improved by Frank Ramsey (1931) and later by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in their book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944).
# Decision Theory: Decision theory, which combines probability theory with utility theory, provides a formal and complete framework for decisions (economic or otherwise) made under uncertainty—that is, in cases where probabilistic descriptions appropriately capture the decision maker’s environment. This is suitable for “large” economies where each agent need pay no attention to the actions of other agents as individuals. For “small” economies, the situation is much more like a game: the actions of one player can significantly affect the utility of another (either positively or negatively).
# Game Theory: For some games, a rational agent should adopt policies that are (or least appear to be) randomized. Unlike decision theory, game theory does not offer an unambiguous prescription for selecting actions.
# Operations Research: For the most part, economists did not address the third question listed above, namely, how to make rational decisions when payoffs from actions are not immediate but instead result from several actions taken in sequence. This topic was pursued in the field of operations research, which emerged in World War II from efforts in Britain to optimize radar installations, and later found civilian applications in complex management decisions.
# Satisficing: The pioneering AI researcher Herbert Simon (1916–2001) won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1978 for his early
work showing that models based on satisficing—making decisions that are “good enough,” rather than laboriously calculating an optimal decision—gave a better description of actual human behavior (Simon, 1947).
2.4. Neuroscience
# How do brains process information?
2.4.A. Concepts borrowed from Neuroscience
# Neuroscience: Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, particularly the brain. Although the exact way in which the brain enables thought is one of the great mysteries of science, the fact that it
does enable thought has been appreciated for thousands of years because of the evidence that strong blows to the head can lead to mental incapacitation.
# Neuron:
1873: Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) developed a staining technique allowing the observation of individual neurons in the brain.
1936-1938: Nicolas Rashevsky was the first to apply mathematical models to the study of the nervous system.
# Singularity: Point in time at which computers reach a superhuman level of performance.
2.5. Psychology
• How do humans and animals think and act?
2.5.A. Concepts Borrowed From “Psychology”
# Behaviorism
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
# Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology the brain as an information-processing device.
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of the mind as an information processor. Cognitive psychologists try to build up cognitive models of the information processing that goes on inside people's minds, including perception, attention, language, memory, thinking, and consciousness.
2.6 Computer engineering
• How can we build an efficient computer?
For artificial intelligence to succeed, we need two things: intelligence and an artifact. The computer has been the artifact of choice.
2.7 Control theory and cybernetics
• How can artifacts operate under their own control?
2.7.A. Concepts borrowed from “Control Theory”
# Control Theory
Control theory deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any delay, overshoot, or steady-state error and ensuring a level of control stability; often with the aim to achieve a degree of optimality.
Ref:
1. Dynamical System
2. Stability Theory
3. Optimal Control
# Cybernetics
Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory and purposive systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. The core concept of the discipline is circular causality or feedback—that is, where the outcomes of actions are taken as inputs for further action. Cybernetics is concerned with such processes however they are embodied, including in environmental, technological, biological, cognitive, and social systems, and in the context of practical activities such as designing, learning, managing, and conversation.
# Homeostatic
Ashby’s “Design for a Brain” (1948, 1952) elaborated on his idea that intelligence could be created by the use of homeostatic devices containing appropriate feedback loops to achieve stable adaptive behavior.
Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival. If homeostasis is successful, life continues; if it's unsuccessful, it results in a disaster or death of the organism.
# Objective Function
The objective function is a means to maximize (or minimize) something. This something is a numeric value. In the real world it could be the cost of a project, a production quantity, profit value, or even materials saved from a streamlined process. With the objective function, you are trying to arrive at a target for output, profit, resource use, etc.
2.8. Linguistics
• How does language relate to thought?
2.8.A. Concepts borrowed from “Linguists”
Modern linguistics and AI were “born” at about the same time, and grew up together, intersecting in a hybrid field called “computational linguistics” or “natural language processing”. The problem of understanding language soon turned out to be considerably more complex than it seemed in 1957. Understanding language requires an understanding of the subject matter and context, not just an understanding of the structure of sentences. This might seem obvious, but it was not widely appreciated until the 1960s. Much of the early work in knowledge representation (the study of how to put knowledge into a form that a computer can reason with) was tied to language and informed by research in linguistics, which was connected in turn to decades of work on the philosophical analysis of language.
Title: AI and the disciplines it borrows ideas from
Tags: Artificial Intelligence,Technology,Machine Learning,Deep Learning,
Go to the Security basics page and sign in with your Microsoft account.
https://account.microsoft.com/security
Link to detailed "security settings":
1. security settings - proofs
2. security settings - manage
3. security settings - additional
Article 1:
Turn two-step verification on or off [Dated: March 5, 2021]
1. Go to the Security basics page and sign in with your Microsoft account.
2. Select More security options.
3. Under Two-step verification, choose Set up two-step verification to turn it on, or choose Turn off two-step verification to turn it off.
4. Follow the instructions.
5. Note: As part of setting up this account, you’ll be given a QR code to scan with your device; this is one way we ensure you are in physical possession of the device you are installing the Authenticator app to.
Article 2:
Set up two-step verification [Dated: March 5, 2021]
Two-step verification adds an extra layer of protection to your account. After you've turned it on, we'll ask you to enter an additional security code when you sign in. We'll provide this security code only to you.
In the following steps, we'll help you:
1. Make sure you have up-to-date security info where you can receive security codes.
2. Set up an authenticator app if you have a smartphone. (With an authenticator app, you can get security codes even if your phone isn't connected to a cellular network.)
3. Print or write down your recovery code.
4. Create app passwords for apps and devices (such as Xbox 360, Windows Phone 8 (or earlier), or mail apps on your other devices) that don't support two-step verification codes.
Some screenshots
1: Verification of phone number by providing last four digits
2: Microsoft provides a smart phone app to let you sign in without the password.
3: Second way to identify your identity
Note: You can't reuse an already provided mail ID or phone number because that would not provide an additional way to identify you.
It provides three options that you can use: Authenticator App, Mail ID, Phone Number.
4: Two ways to identify the identity (via text or mail)
