Reasoning With Word Vectors (Word2Vec, GloVe, fastText and Doc2Vec)

Word2Vec

In 2012, Thomas Mikolov, an intern at Microsoft, found a way to encode the meaning of words in a modest number of vector dimensions. Mikolov trained a neural network5 to predict word occurrences near each target word. In 2013, once at Google,
Mikolov and his teammates released the software for creating these word vectors and called it Word2vec.

Word2vec learns the meaning of words merely by processing a large corpus of unlabeled text. No one has to label the words in the Word2vec vocabulary. No one has to tell the Word2vec algorithm that Marie Curie is a scientist, that the Timbers are a soccer team, that Seattle is a city, or that Portland is a city in both Oregon and Maine. And no one has to tell Word2vec that soccer is a sport, or that a team is a group of people, or that cities are both places as well as communities. Word2vec can learn that and much more, all on its own! All you need is a corpus large enough to mention Marie Curie and Timbers and Portland near other words associated with science or soccer or cities.
This unsupervised nature of Word2vec is what makes it so powerful. The world is full of unlabeled, uncategorized, unstructured natural language text.

Instead of trying to train a neural network to learn the target word meanings directly (on the basis of labels for that meaning), you teach the network to predict words near the target word in your sentences. So in this sense, you do have labels: the nearby words you’re trying to predict. But because the labels are coming from the dataset itself and require no hand-labeling, the Word2vec training algorithm is definitely an unsupervised learning algorithm.

And the prediction itself isn’t what makes Word2vec work. The prediction is merely a means to an end. What you do care about is the internal representation, the vector that Word2vec gradually builds up to help it generate those predictions.

Word2vec will learn about things you might not think to associate with all words. Did you know that every word has some geography, sentiment (positivity), and gender associated with it? If any word in your corpus has some quality, like “placeness,” “peopleness,”
“conceptness,” or “femaleness,” all the other words will also be given a score for these qualities in your word vectors. The meaning of a word “rubs off” on the neighboring words when Word2vec learns word vectors.

Word2vec allows you to transform your natural language vectors of token occurrence counts and frequencies into the vector space of much lower-dimensional Word2vec vectors. In this lower-dimensional space, you can do your math and then convert back to a natural language space. You can imagine how useful this capability is to a chatbot, search engine, question answering system, or information extraction algorithm.

The research team also discovered that the difference between a singular and a plural word is often roughly the same magnitude, and in the same direction:



Equation 6.2: Distance between the singular and plural versions of a word

But their discovery didn’t stop there. They also discovered that the distance relationships go far beyond simple singular versus plural relationships. Distances apply to other semantic relationships. The Word2vec researchers soon discovered they could answer questions that involve geography, culture, and demographics, like this: "San Francisco is to California as what is to Colorado?"
San Francisco - California + Colorado = Denver

How to compute Word2vec representations

Word vectors represent the semantic meaning of words as vectors in the context of the training corpus. This allows you not only to answer analogy questions but also reason about the meaning of words in more general ways with vector algebra. But how do you calculate these vector representations? There are two possible ways to train Word2vec embeddings:

Skip-gram approach The skip-gram approach predicts the context of words (output words) from a word of interest (the input word).

Continuous bag-of-words The continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) approach predicts the target word (the output word) from the nearby words (input words). We show you how and when to use each of these to train a Word2vec model in the coming sections.

SKIP-GRAM APPROACH

In the skip-gram training approach, you’re trying to predict the surrounding window of words based on an input word. In the sentence about Monet, in our following example,
“painted” is the training input to the neural network. The corresponding training



output example skip-grams are shown in figure 6.3. The predicted words for these skipgrams are the neighboring words “Claude,” “Monet,” “the,” and “Grand.”

Let's say we have a sentence: Claude Monet painted the Grand Canal of venice in 1908.

We are going to predict neighbouring words for the word "Monet".





CONTINUOUS BAG-OF-WORDS APPROACH

In the continuous bag-of-words approach, you’re trying to predict the center word based on the surrounding words (see figures 6.5 and 6.6 and table 6.2). Instead of creating pairs of input and output tokens, you’ll create a multi-hot vector of all surrounding terms as an input vector. The multi-hot input vector is the sum of all one-hot vectors of the surrounding tokens to the center, target token.





Continuous bag of words vs. bag of words

In previous chapters, we introduced the concept of a bag of words, but how is it different than a continuous bag of words? To establish the relationships between words in a sentence you slide a rolling window across the sentence to select the surrounding words for the target word. All words within the sliding window are considered to be the content of the continuous bag of words for the target word at the middle of that window.



SKIP-GRAM VS. CBOW: WHEN TO USE WHICH APPROACH

Mikolov highlighted that the skip-gram approach works well with small corpora and rare terms. With the skip-gram approach, you’ll have more examples due to the network structure. But the continuous bag-of-words approach shows higher accuracies for frequent words and is much faster to train.

Negative sampling

One last trick Mikolov came up with was the idea of negative sampling. If a single training example with a pair of words is presented to the network, it’ll cause all weights for the network to be updated. This changes the values of all the vectors for all the words in your vocabulary. But if your vocabulary contains thousands or millions of words, updating all the weights for the large one-hot vector is inefficient. To speed up the training of word vector models, Mikolov used negative sampling.

Instead of updating all word weights that weren’t included in the word window,
Mikolov suggested sampling just a few negative samples (in the output vector) to update their weights. Instead of updating all weights, you pick n negative example word pairs (words that don’t match your target output for that example) and update the weights that contributed to their specific output. That way, the computation can be reduced dramatically and the performance of the trained network doesn’t decrease significantly.
NOTE If you train your word model with a small corpus, you might want to use a negative sampling rate of 5 to 20 samples. For larger corpora and vocabularies, you can reduce the negative sample rate to as low as two to five samples, according to Mikolov and his team.

Word2vec vs. GloVe (Global Vectors)

Word2vec was a breakthrough, but it relies on a neural network model that must be trained using backpropagation. Backpropagation is usually less efficient than direct optimization of a cost function using gradient descent. Stanford NLP researchers21 led by Jeffrey Pennington set about to understand the reason why Word2vec worked so well and to find the cost function that was being optimized. They started by counting the word co-occurrences and recording them in a square matrix. They found they could compute the singular value decomposition22 of this co-occurrence matrix, splitting it into the same two weight matrices that Word2vec produces.23 The key was to normalize the co-occurrence matrix the same way. But in some cases the Word2vec model failed to converge to the same global optimum that the Stanford researchers were able to achieve with their SVD approach. It’s this direct optimization of the global vectors of word co-occurrences (co-occurrences across the entire corpus) that gives GloVe its name.
GloVe can produce matrices equivalent to the input weight matrix and output weight matrix of Word2vec, producing a language model with the same accuracy as Word2vec but in much less time. GloVe speeds the process by using the text data more efficiently. GloVe can be trained on smaller corpora and still converge.24 And SVD algorithms have been refined for decades, so GloVe has a head start on debugging and algorithm optimization. Word2vec relies on backpropagation to update the weights that form the word embeddings. Neural network backpropagation is less efficient than more mature optimization algorithms such as those used within SVD for GloVe.
Even though Word2vec first popularized the concept of semantic reasoning with word vectors, your workhorse should probably be GloVe to train new word vector models. With GloVe you’ll be more likely to find the global optimum for those vector representations, giving you more accurate results.
Advantages of GloVe are: # Faster training # Better RAM/CPU efficiency (can handle larger documents) # More efficient use of data (helps with smaller corpora) # More accurate for the same amount of training

fastText

Researchers from Facebook took the concept of Word2vec one step further25 by adding a new twist to the model training. The new algorithm, which they named fastText, predicts the surrounding n-character grams rather than just the surrounding words, like Word2vec does. For example, the word “whisper” would generate the following 2- and 3-character grams: wh, whi, hi, his, is, isp, sp, spe, pe, per, er fastText trains a vector representation for every n-character gram, which includes words, misspelled words, partial words, and even single characters. The advantage of this approach is that it handles rare words much better than the original Word2vec approach.
As part of the fastText release, Facebook published pretrained fastText models for 294 languages. On the Github page of Facebook research,26 you can find models ranging from Abkhazian to Zulu. The model collection even includes rare languages such as Saterland Frisian, which is only spoken by a handful of Germans. The pretrained fastText models provided by Facebook have only been trained on the available Wikipedia corpora.
Therefore the vocabulary and accuracy of the models will vary across languages.

Word vectors are biased!

Word vectors learn word relationships based on the training corpus. If your corpus is about finance then your “bank” word vector will be mainly about businesses that hold deposits. If your corpus is about geology, then your “bank” word vector will be trained on associations with rivers and streams. And if you corpus is mostly about a matriarchal society with women bankers and men washing clothes in the river, then your word vectors would take on that gender bias.
The following example shows the gender bias of a word model trained on Google News articles. If you calculate the distance between “man” and “nurse” and compare that to the distance between “woman” and “nurse,” you’ll be able to see the bias:

>>> word_model.distance('man', 'nurse') 

0.7453

>>> word_model.distance('woman', 'nurse') 

0.5586

Identifying and compensating for biases like this is a challenge for any NLP practitioner that trains her models on documents written in a biased world.

Document similarity with Doc2vec

The concept of Word2vec can also be extended to sentences, paragraphs, or entire documents. The idea of predicting the next word based on the previous words can be extended by training a paragraph or document vector (see figure 6.10).33 In this case, the prediction not only considers the previous words, but also the vector representing the paragraph or the document. It can be considered as an additional word input to the prediction. Over time, the algorithm learns a document or paragraph representation from the training set.

How are document vectors generated for unseen documents after the training phase? During the inference stage, the algorithm adds more document vectors to the document matrix and computes the added vector based on the frozen word vector matrix, and its weights. By inferring a document vector, you can now create a semantic representation of the whole document.

 Figure 6.10 Doc2vec training uses an additional document vector as input.

Tags: Technology,Natural Language Processing,Python

Creating a Taxonomy for BBC News Articles (Part 3)

Peeking into the data to see why Cluster 0 is having articles from all known Article Categories.

There are five Article Categories: Business, Entertainment, Politics, Sport, Tech   

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2113

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ailing eurodisney vows turnaround eurodisney  the european home of mickey mouse and friends  has said it will sell 253m euros (£175m; $328m) of new shares as it looks to avoid insolvency.  the sale is the last part of a plan to restructure 2.4bn euros-worth of debts. despite struggling since it was opened in 1992  eurodisney has recently made progress in turning its business around and ticket sales have picked up. however  analysts still question whether it attracts enough visitors to stay open  even with the restructuring.  eurodisney remains europe s largest single tourist attraction  attracting some 12.4 million visitors annually. a new attraction - walt disney studios - has recently opened its site near paris. the company s currently traded stock tumbled in paris on the latest news  shedding 15% to 22 euro cents. eurodisney will sell the new shares priced at 9 euros cents each. the us disney corporation and saudi arabian prince al-walid bin talal  the firm s two main shareholders  will buy the new stock. the restructuring deal is the second in the firm s troubled financial history; its finances were first reorganised in 1994.

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business

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ailing eurodisney vow turnaround eurodisney european home mickey mouse friend said sell 253m euro 175m 328m new share look avoid insolvency sale last part plan restructure 4bn euro worth debt despite struggling since opened 1992 eurodisney recently made progress turning business around ticket sale picked however analyst still question whether attracts enough visitor stay open even restructuring eurodisney remains europe largest single tourist attraction attracting million visitor annually new attraction walt disney studio recently opened site near paris company currently traded stock tumbled paris latest news shedding euro cent eurodisney sell new share priced euro cent disney corporation saudi arabian prince walid bin talal firm two main shareholder buy new stock restructuring deal second firm troubled financial history finance first reorganised 1994

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1797

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french honour for director parker british film director sir alan parker has been made an officer in the order of arts and letters  one of france s highest cultural honours.  sir alan received his decoration in paris on wednesday from french culture minister renaud donnedieu de vabres.  you have explored the possibilities of film with an immense talent   mr de vabres said as he presented the award. parker praised french films  saying:  hollywood  which created modern cinema  uses it only as a commodity.  he told the minister:  i am honoured to be thus distinguished by france  the flag carrier of cinema throughout the world.  sir alan s films include oscar-winning fame plus midnight express and the commitments.  a founding member of the director s guild of great britain  he is a former chairman of the uk film council and on the board of the british film institute.  through your work and your campaigns  you have shown us how the artist occupies an essential place in our contemporary society   mr de vabres said.  through your dreams which you show us  through the links that you weave  you question the world through the mirror of your work.  he also cited the director s 2003 film the life of david gale  in which kevin spacey played a man on death row  as proof of his  veritable artistic commitment against the death sentence .

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entertainment

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french honour director parker british film director sir alan parker made officer order art letter one france highest cultural honour sir alan received decoration paris french culture minister renaud donnedieu vabres explored possibility film immense talent vabres said presented award parker praised french film saying hollywood created modern cinema us commodity told minister honoured thus distinguished france flag carrier cinema throughout world sir alan film include oscar winning fame plus midnight express commitment founding member director guild great britain former chairman film council board british film institute work campaign shown artist occupies essential place contemporary society vabres said dream show link weave question world mirror work also cited director 2003 film life david gale kevin spacey played man death row proof veritable artistic commitment death sentence

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1239

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sainsbury s labour election gift science minister lord sainsbury has made a £2m donation to the labour party for its general election fund.  it is the latest hefty donation to the party by the billionaire - he has contributed more than £10m since 1999. david sainsbury said he was pleased to give cash to a party that had the  vision  to deliver economic prosperity and better public services for britain. general secretary matt carter said it was  a fantastic gift  that would help labour  fight and win the election .   through the generosity of david sainsbury and other labour supporters  labour will be campaigning hard to take britain forward and to stop the tories taking us back   mr carter said. lord sainsbury added:  i am pleased to be able to make this contribution to the general election funds of the labour party because i believe that they are the only party that has the vision to deliver both economic prosperity and better public services for britain.  the 64-year-old latest donation follows a £2.5m gift to the party in 2003. lord sainsbury was created a life peer in 1997  a year before he was appointed as minister for science.

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politics

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sainsbury labour election gift science minister lord sainsbury made donation labour party general election fund latest hefty donation party billionaire contributed 10m since 1999 david sainsbury said pleased give cash party vision deliver economic prosperity better public service britain general secretary matt carter said fantastic gift would help labour fight win election generosity david sainsbury labour supporter labour campaigning hard take britain forward stop tory taking back carter said lord sainsbury added pleased able make contribution general election fund labour party believe party vision deliver economic prosperity better public service britain year old latest donation follows gift party 2003 lord sainsbury created life peer 1997 year appointed minister science

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651

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wales silent on grand slam talk rhys williams says wales are still not thinking of winning the grand slam despite a third six nations win.   that s the last thing on our minds at the moment   said williams  a second- half replacement in saturday s 24-18 win over france in paris.  we all realise how difficult a task it is to go up to scotland and beat them.  we ve come unstuck there a couple of times recently so our focus is on that game and we ll worry about ireland hopefully after we ve beaten scotland.  with captain gareth thomas ruled out of the rest of the campaign with a broken thumb  williams is vying for his first start in the championship so far.  kevin morgan is probably favourite to replace thomas at full-back  leaving williams and hal luscombe to battle for the right wing berth. a hamstring injury denied luscombe the opportunity to make a third successive start  but the dragons winger is expected to be fit for the trip to murrayfield on 13 march. hooker robin mcbryde is doubtful after picking up a knee injury in paris  but centre sonny parker and flanker colin charvis are set to recover from injury to be in contention for selection. said wales assistant coach scott johnson:  they ve worked through the weekend and the reports are a bit more positive.  so we re getting a couple back and that adds to the depth of the squad.  scotland secured their first win of the campaign on saturday by grinding out an 18-10 win over italy.  matt williams  side has shown little in attack  but johnson insisted the scots will be difficult opposition to break down.  italy are really brave opposition and sometimes it s very hard to win   he said.  so an ugly win can be just as effective as a 30 or 40 point victory.  scotland are a hard side and very underrated so we re not taking anything for granted.  we re not basking in the glory of winning our first three games. we ve got to be diligent in our preparation.  that s my job and we ve got to make sure we re focused.

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sport

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wale silent grand slam talk rhys williams say wale still thinking winning grand slam despite third six nation win last thing mind moment said williams second half replacement win france paris realise difficult task scotland beat come unstuck couple time recently focus game worry ireland hopefully beaten scotland captain gareth thomas ruled rest campaign broken thumb williams vying first start championship far kevin morgan probably favourite replace thomas full back leaving williams hal luscombe battle right wing berth hamstring injury denied luscombe opportunity make third successive start dragon winger expected fit trip murrayfield march hooker robin mcbryde doubtful picking knee injury paris centre sonny parker flanker colin charvis set recover injury contention selection said wale assistant coach scott johnson worked weekend report bit positive getting couple back add depth squad scotland secured first win campaign grinding win italy matt williams side shown little attack johnson insisted scot difficult opposition break italy really brave opposition sometimes hard win said ugly win effective point victory scotland hard side underrated taking anything granted basking glory winning first three game got diligent preparation job got make sure focused

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1147

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bbc leads interactive bafta wins the bbc and the national theatre have led the field at this year s interactive bafta awards.  the national theatre s stagework website picked up the prize for best learning as well as top factual site. the bbc collected three awards  including best online entertainment for the hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy adventure game. spooks interactive took the best interactive tv prize. the annual awards recognise the best in digital media. bbc sport interactive fought off competition from cbbc newsround and the guardian to take home the best news and sport trophy for its coverage of england s exit from euro 2004. it was recognised for its  groundbreaking  use of animation. bafta s grant dean  chair of bafta s interactive entertainment committee  said all the entrants had been of  outstanding quality  and that judging had been  enormously difficult .  without a doubt  2005 has been a landmark year for the bafta interactive awards   he added.   many of the top awards this year have gone to the companies we most commonly associate with traditional entertainment  showing how the gap between new media  film and television is closing.   awards were given out in 12 different categories  including interactive tv  film  music  design  as well as technical and social innovation  at a london ceremony. the top music award was given to sseyo minimixa  a mobile music sequencer designed to let people write  edit and share compositions. warner bros was given two prizes for its  inspiring  efforts in film and dvd interactivity. the chaplin collection beat oasis  really bend it like beckham  shaun of the dead and the day today in the dvd category  and trauma won best film. elsewhere  fashionista and clothes designer alexander mcqueen took the accolade for the best-designed website. the awards have been running since 1997  but in 2002 the british academy of film and television decided to split them into separate games and interactive ceremonies. on tuesday half-life 2 dominated the games prizes. it collected six baftas  including best game and best online game.

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tech

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bbc lead interactive bafta win bbc national theatre led field year interactive bafta award national theatre stagework website picked prize best learning well top factual site bbc collected three award including best online entertainment hitchhiker guide galaxy adventure game spook interactive took best interactive prize annual award recognise best digital medium bbc sport interactive fought competition cbbc newsround guardian take home best news sport trophy coverage england exit euro 2004 recognised groundbreaking use animation bafta grant dean chair bafta interactive entertainment committee said entrant outstanding quality judging enormously difficult without doubt 2005 landmark year bafta interactive award added many top award year gone company commonly associate traditional entertainment showing gap new medium film television closing award given different category including interactive film music design well technical social innovation london ceremony top music award given sseyo minimixa mobile music sequencer designed let people write edit share composition warner bros given two prize inspiring effort film dvd interactivity chaplin collection beat oasis really bend like beckham shaun dead day today dvd category trauma best film elsewhere fashionista clothes designer alexander mcqueen took accolade best designed website award running since 1997 2002 british academy film television decided split separate game interactive ceremony half life dominated game prize collected six baftas including best game best online game

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0



Peeking into the data to see why 'Business' category is falling into multiple clusters.

We have five cluster labels: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

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1885

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saudi investor picks up the savoy london s famous savoy hotel has been sold to a group combining saudi billionaire investor prince alwaleed bin talal and a unit of hbos bank.  financial details of the deal  which includes the nearby simpson s in the strand restaurant  were not disclosed. the seller - irish-based property firm quinlan private - bought the savoy along with the berkeley  claridge s and the connaught for £750m last year. prince alwaleed s hotel investments include the luxury george v in paris. he also has substantial stakes in fairmont hotels & resorts  which will manage the savoy and simpson s in the strand  and four seasons. fairmont said it planned to invest $48m (£26m) in renovating parts of the savoy including the river room and suites with views over the river thames. work was expected to be completed by summer 2006  fairmont said.

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business

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saudi investor pick savoy london famous savoy hotel sold group combining saudi billionaire investor prince alwaleed bin talal unit hbos bank financial detail deal includes nearby simpson strand restaurant disclosed seller irish based property firm quinlan private bought savoy along berkeley claridge connaught 750m last year prince alwaleed hotel investment include luxury george paris also substantial stake fairmont hotel resort manage savoy simpson strand four season fairmont said planned invest 48m 26m renovating part savoy including river room suite view river thames work expected completed summer 2006 fairmont said

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1833

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worldcom ex-boss launches defence lawyers defending former worldcom chief bernie ebbers against a battery of fraud charges have called a company whistleblower as their first witness.  cynthia cooper  worldcom s ex-head of internal accounting  alerted directors to irregular accounting practices at the us telecoms giant in 2002. her warnings led to the collapse of the firm following the discovery of an $11bn (£5.7bn) accounting fraud. mr ebbers has pleaded not guilty to charges of fraud and conspiracy.  prosecution lawyers have argued that mr ebbers orchestrated a series of accounting tricks at worldcom  ordering employees to hide expenses and inflate revenues to meet wall street earnings estimates. but ms cooper  who now runs her own consulting business  told a jury in new york on wednesday that external auditors arthur andersen had approved worldcom s accounting in early 2001 and 2002. she said andersen had given a  green light  to the procedures and practices used by worldcom. mr ebber s lawyers have said he was unaware of the fraud  arguing that auditors did not alert him to any problems.  ms cooper also said that during shareholder meetings mr ebbers often passed over technical questions to the company s finance chief  giving only  brief  answers himself. the prosecution s star witness  former worldcom financial chief scott sullivan  has said that mr ebbers ordered accounting adjustments at the firm  telling him to  hit our books . however  ms cooper said mr sullivan had not mentioned  anything uncomfortable  about worldcom s accounting during a 2001 audit committee meeting. mr ebbers could face a jail sentence of 85 years if convicted of all the charges he is facing. worldcom emerged from bankruptcy protection in 2004  and is now known as mci. last week  mci agreed to a buyout by verizon communications in a deal valued at $6.75bn.

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business

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worldcom bos launch defence lawyer defending former worldcom chief bernie ebbers battery fraud charge called company whistleblower first witness cynthia cooper worldcom head internal accounting alerted director irregular accounting practice telecom giant 2002 warning led collapse firm following discovery 11bn 7bn accounting fraud ebbers pleaded guilty charge fraud conspiracy prosecution lawyer argued ebbers orchestrated series accounting trick worldcom ordering employee hide expense inflate revenue meet wall street earnings estimate cooper run consulting business told jury new york external auditor arthur andersen approved worldcom accounting early 2001 2002 said andersen given green light procedure practice used worldcom ebber lawyer said unaware fraud arguing auditor alert problem cooper also said shareholder meeting ebbers often passed technical question company finance chief giving brief answer prosecution star witness former worldcom financial chief scott sullivan said ebbers ordered accounting adjustment firm telling hit book however cooper said sullivan mentioned anything uncomfortable worldcom accounting 2001 audit committee meeting ebbers could face jail sentence year convicted charge facing worldcom emerged bankruptcy protection 2004 known mci last week mci agreed buyout verizon communication deal valued 75bn

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1



Article ID
154

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german business confidence slides german business confidence fell in february knocking hopes of a speedy recovery in europe s largest economy.  munich-based research institute ifo said that its confidence index fell to 95.5 in february from 97.5 in january  its first decline in three months. the study found that the outlook in both the manufacturing and retail sectors had worsened. observers had been hoping that a more confident business sector would signal that economic activity was picking up.   we re surprised that the ifo index has taken such a knock   said dz bank economist bernd weidensteiner.  the main reason is probably that the domestic economy is still weak  particularly in the retail trade.  economy and labour minister wolfgang clement called the dip in february s ifo confidence figure  a very mild decline . he said that despite the retreat  the index remained at a relatively high level and that he expected  a modest economic upswing  to continue.  germany s economy grew 1.6% last year after shrinking in 2003. however  the economy contracted by 0.2% during the last three months of 2004  mainly due to the reluctance of consumers to spend. latest indications are that growth is still proving elusive and ifo president hans-werner sinn said any improvement in german domestic demand was sluggish. exports had kept things going during the first half of 2004  but demand for exports was then hit as the value of the euro hit record levels making german products less competitive overseas. on top of that  the unemployment rate has been stuck at close to 10% and manufacturing firms  including daimlerchrysler  siemens and volkswagen  have been negotiating with unions over cost cutting measures. analysts said that the ifo figures and germany s continuing problems may delay an interest rate rise by the european central bank. eurozone interest rates are at 2%  but comments from senior officials have recently focused on the threat of inflation  prompting fears that interest rates may rise.

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business

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german business confidence slide german business confidence fell february knocking hope speedy recovery europe largest economy munich based research institute ifo said confidence index fell february january first decline three month study found outlook manufacturing retail sector worsened observer hoping confident business sector would signal economic activity picking surprised ifo index taken knock said bank economist bernd weidensteiner main reason probably domestic economy still weak particularly retail trade economy labour minister wolfgang clement called dip february ifo confidence figure mild decline said despite retreat index remained relatively high level expected modest economic upswing continue germany economy grew last year shrinking 2003 however economy contracted last three month 2004 mainly due reluctance consumer spend latest indication growth still proving elusive ifo president han werner sinn said improvement german domestic demand sluggish export kept thing going first half 2004 demand export hit value euro hit record level making german product le competitive overseas top unemployment rate stuck close manufacturing firm including daimlerchrysler siemens volkswagen negotiating union cost cutting measure analyst said ifo figure germany continuing problem may delay interest rate rise european central bank eurozone interest rate comment senior official recently focused threat inflation prompting fear interest rate may rise

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2



Article ID
1012


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making your office work for you our mission to brighten up your working lives continues - and this time  we re taking a long hard look at your offices.  over the next few months  our panel of experts will be listening to your gripes about where you work  and suggesting ways to make your workspace more efficient  more congenial or simply prettier. this week  we re hearing from marianne petersen  who is planning to convert a barn in sweden into a base for her freelance writing work. click on the link under her photograph to read her story  and then scroll down to see what the panel have to say. and if you want to take part in the series  go to the bottom of the story to find out how to get in touch.  working from home presents a multitude of challenges. understanding your work personality allows you to work in terms of your own style. do you feel confident about your work output without conferring with others  are you able to retain discipline and self motivate to get the job done  do you build on the ideas of others - or are you a more introspective problem solver . in order for a virtual office to succeed  keeping the boundary between work and home life is essential. it may be useful to be quite rigid about who is allowed to visit  and to keep strict office hours. referring to the space as work will give those around you a clear message that this is professional space. it is imperative to consider how to bring the outside world into yours  keeping up to date with developments and maintaining a network. isolated work environments mean this has to be carefully thought out  and a strategy has to be developed that suits both your personality and your industry. joining professional groups or forming a loose association of like-minded people may assist. it is useful to structure these meetings in advance as often they get relegated to less important status when times are busy - with the danger that when the workload eases  they have to be resurrected.    prior to any interior work being undertaken it is essential to ensure that the roof and walls are made water-and-weather-tight  and the structure is checked for stability. it appears that the roof trusses may need repairs and additional bracing.  ideally  the roof should be replaced with an outer material in keeping with the character and location of the barn. this would also allow for a well-insulated inner skin to be provided which should be light coloured. it is likely that the most efficient way of heating the building is with electricity. in order to provide this the owner will need to have an electrical engineer calculate the potential heating  power and lighting load to make sure the mains supply and distribution capacity are adequate. ideally  it would be good to have a mains water supply and some means of drainage for toilet and washing facilities. the walls should be dry lined with a single skin of plasterboard laid over rockwool slab which will allow good wall insulation and the power and lighting circuits to be concealed  and the walls should be painted in a light colour. the owner mentions she might lay a new floor over the existing planks; this will improve the insulation and offer a level surface. i would suggest laying new oak veneer planks which can work in with the character of the barn. as for lighting  consider a combination of floor mounted uplights  wall lights (wall washers) and selected downlights. use a combination of mains voltage fluorescent fittings and dimmable units which can vary the light levels and the feel of the interior.    please click on the link to the right here to see my ideas for marianne s barn.  the layout of this office reflects the need to have a working area and a more relaxed meeting space. large desk space and extensive storage would combine with tub chairs to maximise the space available. the finishes chosen for the furniture will need to reflect the unusual setting  while the lighting and temperature control mechanisms used will further influence the workplace.    regarding accessing the internet via the connection in the main house  your plan of going wireless is sensible. a wireless router/access point in the house with a wireless lan card in the pc in the renovated area may be sufficient. however  important points to consider are the distance between the two buildings and the nature of the materials through which the signals have to pass  which could result in a weak signal strength. you may require an additional wireless access point in the renovated area. your local it supplier will be able to advise on this. if you haven t already invested in robust firewall and anti-virus software  it is essential to do so  to protect your investment. to really take advantage of wireless technology  you might consider a laptop computer and a docking station with external mouse and monitor. or you could use one of the new tablet computers  which allow you to write directly on the screen and convert into text with built-in hand recognition software. and finally  you will save money and space by considering a multi-function product for print  scan  copy and fax.

Category

business

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making office work mission brighten working life continues time taking long hard look office next month panel expert listening gripe work suggesting way make workspace efficient congenial simply prettier week hearing marianne petersen planning convert barn sweden base freelance writing work click link photograph read story scroll see panel say want take part series bottom story find get touch working home present multitude challenge understanding work personality allows work term style feel confident work output without conferring others able retain discipline self motivate get job done build idea others introspective problem solver order virtual office succeed keeping boundary work home life essential may useful quite rigid allowed visit keep strict office hour referring space work give around clear message professional space imperative consider bring outside world keeping date development maintaining network isolated work environment mean carefully thought strategy developed suit personality industry joining professional group forming loose association like minded people may assist useful structure meeting advance often get relegated le important status time busy danger workload eas resurrected prior interior work undertaken essential ensure roof wall made water weather tight structure checked stability appears roof truss may need repair additional bracing ideally roof replaced outer material keeping character location barn would also allow well insulated inner skin provided light coloured likely efficient way heating building electricity order provide owner need electrical engineer calculate potential heating power lighting load make sure main supply distribution capacity adequate ideally would good main water supply mean drainage toilet washing facility wall dry lined single skin plasterboard laid rockwool slab allow good wall insulation power lighting circuit concealed wall painted light colour owner mention might lay new floor existing plank improve insulation offer level surface would suggest laying new oak veneer plank work character barn lighting consider combination floor mounted uplights wall light wall washer selected downlights use combination main voltage fluorescent fitting dimmable unit vary light level feel interior please click link right see idea marianne barn layout office reflects need working area relaxed meeting space large desk space extensive storage would combine tub chair maximise space available finish chosen furniture need reflect unusual setting lighting temperature control mechanism used influence workplace regarding accessing internet via connection main house plan going wireless sensible wireless router access point house wireless lan card renovated area may sufficient however important point consider distance two building nature material signal pas could result weak signal strength may require additional wireless access point renovated area local supplier able advise already invested robust firewall anti virus software essential protect investment really take advantage wireless technology might consider laptop computer docking station external mouse monitor could use one new tablet computer allow write directly screen convert text built hand recognition software finally save money space considering multi function product print scan copy fax

Prediction

3



Article ID

180

Text

arsenal  may seek full share listing  arsenal vice-chairman david dein has said the club may consider seeking a full listing for its shares on the london stock exchange.  speaking at the soccerex football business forum in dubai  he said a full listing was  one of the options  for funding after the club moves to its new stadium. the club - which is currently listed on the smaller ofex share exchange - is due to move into its new 60 000-seater emirates stadium at ashburton grove for the start of the 2006/07 season. mr dein also warned the current level of tv coverage of the premiership may be reaching saturation level  with signs that match attendances have been dropping off in the first few months of this season.  when arsenal moves to its new stadium it will see its proportion of turnover from media earnings drop from 52% this season to 34% in two years  time. the club is hoping to increase matchday earnings from 29% to 40% of turnover  and has not ruled out other money-earning means  including a full share listing.  when the new stadium opens we will go through a thorough financial review   mr dein said.   listing would be one option  but we are flexible and no decisions have been made on that issue yet.  we want to be in the best financial health - maybe clubs can do it (listing)  manchester united have been a success.   mr dein said that  although television money and coverage had driven the english game forward in the past 10 years  he feared there might now be too many games being shown. since the formation of the premier league in season 1992/93  premiership clubs have seen their income from television soar.  television has been the driving force over the past 10 years... but we must constantly improve if we want to remain as the world s leading league competition.  we must monitor the quality of the product and ensure attendances do not decline  and we must balance that with the quantity of exposure on tv too.  i think we have practically reached saturation point... sometimes i think less is more.   the club is funding its move to ashburton grove through a number of sources  including debt from banks  from money it already has and will receive in coming years from sponsors  and from the sale of surplus property  including its highbury stadium. it is also looking to create new revenue streams from overseas markets  including asia.  we have two executives travelling round japan and china at the moment building relationships with organisations and clubs  and we know our supporters clubs are growing there too  as they are around the world.  we have got a very good product  so it is very important we go and look at these markets  and make sure we are on the case.

Category

business

preprocessed_text

arsenal may seek full share listing arsenal vice chairman david dein said club may consider seeking full listing share london stock exchange speaking soccerex football business forum dubai said full listing one option funding club move new stadium club currently listed smaller ofex share exchange due move new 000 seater emirate stadium ashburton grove start 2006 season dein also warned current level coverage premiership may reaching saturation level sign match attendance dropping first month season arsenal move new stadium see proportion turnover medium earnings drop season two year time club hoping increase matchday earnings turnover ruled money earning mean including full share listing new stadium open thorough financial review dein said listing would one option flexible decision made issue yet want best financial health maybe club listing manchester united success dein said although television money coverage driven english game forward past year feared might many game shown since formation premier league season 1992 premiership club seen income television soar television driving force past year must constantly improve want remain world leading league competition must monitor quality product ensure attendance decline must balance quantity exposure think practically reached saturation point sometimes think le club funding move ashburton grove number source including debt bank money already receive coming year sponsor sale surplus property including highbury stadium also looking create new revenue stream overseas market including asia two executive travelling round japan china moment building relationship organisation club know supporter club growing around world got good product important look market make sure case

Prediction

4

Tags: Technology,Natural Language Processing,

Expenses on Matrimonial sites till 2022-Jun-05

Index of Journals

Tags: Journal

Tri Nagar Home Renovation Notes (2022 Jun 05)

Index of Journals

1: Jay Ambay Aluminium Fabricator (2022 May 5)




2: Md Aslam (29 May 2022)




3: Md Aslam Plumber Material




4: Measurements of Ground Floor Bathroom for Tejbhan Vidhayak Mason (2022 May 26) I




5: Measurements of Ground Floor Bathroom for Tejbhan Vidhayak Mason (2022 May 26) II




6: Tiles on St. 75 side Ground floor rooms (Tajbhan Vidhayak, 2022-Jun-5)




7: Ventilation Fan for Ground Floor bathroom (2022 May 31)

Tags: Journal,

Wikipedia asking for donation in India 2022-Jun-4

Image 1:



Text as on 2022-Jun-10:

To all our readers in India, Please don't scroll past this. This Friday, we request you to sustain Wikipedia's independence. 98% of our readers don't donate; they simply keep reading. If you are an exceptional reader who has already donated, we sincerely thank you. If you donate just ₹ 50 today, Wikipedia could keep growing for years. We request you: please don’t scroll away. If Wikipedia has given you ₹ 50 worth of knowledge, kindly take a minute to donate. Show the world that access to reliable, neutral information matters to you. Thank you. 

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Tags: Technology,FOSS

Lariago 250mg Tablet (anti-parasitic for Malaria)

Lariago 250mg Tablet

Manufacturer
Ipca Laboratories Ltd

SALT COMPOSITION
Chloroquine (250mg)

Product introduction

Lariago 250mg Tablet is an antiparasitic medicine, used for the prevention and treatment of malaria. It works by killing the malaria-causing parasite and stops the infection from spreading.

Lariago 250mg Tablet should be used in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor. Take it with food to decrease the risk of stomach upset. Do not skip any doses and finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better. Stopping it early can result in treatment failure and increase the side effects too. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed dose. Simply take the next dose as planned. Take measures to reduce the chance of being bitten by mosquitoes like using insect repellent creams on parts of your body, not covered by clothing. Spray mosquito repellent to kill any mosquitoes that may have entered rooms in spite of screening. Wear light-colored and covered clothing when you are outside after sunset.

Some people may experience rash, headache, dizziness, and vomiting as side effects of this medicine. It may also cause stomach pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and nausea. Please consult your doctor if these side effects persist for a longer duration.

Inform your doctor if you have diabetes as it can lower the sugar levels in the blood. If you are diabetic, you should monitor your blood sugar regularly. It may cause blurring of vision. Therefore, regular eye examinations are recommended while on treatment with this medicine. When used long-term, your doctor may monitor the amounts of the different types of blood cells in your blood regularly. Inform your doctor if you have unexplained bruising or bleeding, sore throat, fever, or a general feeling of tiredness.

Uses of Lariago Tablet

Treatment of Malaria

Benefits of Lariago Tablet

In Treatment of Malaria
Lariago 250mg Tablet is used to treat malaria, a serious or life-threatening illness that is spread by a parasite that enters the human body by the bite of infected mosquitoes. 

It kills the infection causing parasite and stops further spread of the infection. 

Take it only as prescribed and refrain from taking any other medicines along with this medicine (unless advised by the doctor) as they may affect the absorption of this medicine. Do not use this medicine for treating any other condition without consulting your doctor.

Side effects of Lariago Tablet

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them
Common side effects of Lariago

Rash
Headache
Dizziness
Vomiting
Nausea
Stomach pain
Loss of appetite
Diarrhea

Quick tips

1. Lariago 250mg Tablet is used for the prevention and treatment of malaria.

2. Take it with food to decrease the risk of stomach upset.

3. Tips to reduce the chance of being bitten by mosquitoes:
    Wear light-colored and covered clothing when you are outside after sunset.
    Use insect repellent creams or sprays on parts of your body not covered by clothing.
    Spray to kill any mosquitoes that may have entered rooms despite screening.
4. It may cause a blurring of vision when you first start taking it. Use caution while driving or doing anything that requires concentration.

5. Eye examination before and at 3–6 monthly intervals during use is required if patients are receiving Lariago 250mg Tablet at continuous high doses for a longer duration.

6. It may cause low blood sugar levels. Monitor your blood sugar level regularly, if you are diabetic.

7. When used long-term, your doctor may monitor the amounts of the different types of blood cells in your blood regularly. Inform your doctor if you have unexplained bruising or bleeding, sore throat, fever, or a general feeling of tiredness.

Fact Box

Chemical Class
4-Aminoquinoline derivative

Habit Forming
No

Therapeutic Class
OPHTHAL

Action Class
Antimalarial- Aminoquinolines

OINA-TF Ointment

OINA-TF Ointment
Manufacturer: Saar Biotech 

Salt: 
1: Oilaxacin (0.5% w/w)
2: Fluocinolone Acetonide (0.01% w/w)
3: Clotrimazole (1% w/w)
4: Chlorocresol (0.1% w/w)

1: Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. When taken by mouth or injection into a vein, these include pneumonia, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, plague, and certain types of infectious diarrhea. Other uses, along with other medications, include treating multidrug resistant tuberculosis. An eye drop may be used for a superficial bacterial infection of the eye and an ear drop may be used for otitis media when a hole in the ear drum is present.

When taken by mouth, common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and rash. Other serious side effect include tendon rupture, numbness due to nerve damage, seizures, and psychosis. Use in pregnancy is typically not recommended. Ofloxacin is in the fluoroquinolone family of medications. It works by interfering with the bacterium's DNA.

Ofloxacin was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1985. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Ofloxacin is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 278th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.

Mode of action

Ofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It functions by inhibiting two bacterial type II topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. 
Topoisomerase IV is an enzyme necessary to separate (mostly in prokaryotes, in bacteria in particular) replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting bacterial cell division. 

2: Fluocinolone Acetonide

Fluocinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid primarily used in dermatology to reduce skin inflammation and relieve itching.[citation needed] It is a synthetic hydrocortisone derivative. The fluorine substitution at position 9 in the steroid nucleus greatly enhances its activity. It was first synthesized in 1959 in the Research Department of Syntex Laboratories S.A. Mexico City.[1] Preparations containing it were first marketed under the name Synalar. A typical dosage strength used in dermatology is 0.01–0.025%. One such cream is sold under the brand name Flucort-N and includes the antibiotic neomycin.

Fluocinolone acetonide was also found to strongly potentiate TGF-β-associated chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, by increasing the levels of collagen type II by more than 100 fold compared to the widely used dexamethasone.[2]

Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implants have been used to treat non-infectious uveitis. A systematic review could not determine whether fluocinolone acetonide implants are superior to standard of care treatment for uveitis.[3] A fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant with the brand name Iluvien is sold by biopharmaceutical company Alimera Sciences to treat diabetic macular edema (DME).[4]

It was approved for medical use in 1961.

3: Clotrimazole

Clotrimazole, sold under the brand name Lotrimin, among others, is an antifungal medication. It is used to treat vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush, diaper rash, tinea versicolor, and types of ringworm including athlete's foot and jock itch. It can be taken by mouth or applied as a cream to the skin or in the vagina.[1]

Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea and itchiness.[1] When applied to the skin, common side effects include redness and a burning sensation.[1] In pregnancy, use on the skin or in the vagina is believed to be safe.[1] There is no evidence of harm when used by mouth during pregnancy but this has been less well studied. When used by mouth, greater care should be taken in those with liver problems. It is in the azole class of medications and works by disrupting the fungal cell membrane.

Clotrimazole was discovered in 1969. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Pharmacodynamics

Clotrimazole is an imidazole derivative which works by inhibiting the growth of individual Candida or fungal cells by altering the permeability of the fungal cell wall.

It binds to phospholipids in the cell membrane and inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol and other sterols required for cell membrane production.

Clotrimazole may slow fungal growth or result in fungal cell death.

4: Chlorocresol

p-Chlorocresol is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4OH. 

It is a monochlorinated m-cresol. 

It is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water. 

As a solution in alcohol and in combination with other phenols, it is used as an antiseptic and preservative. 

It is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin.

p-Chlorocresol is prepared by chlorination of m-cresol.

Tags: Medicine,

Librium 10 Tablet (benzodiazepine)

Librium 10 Tablet

Manufacturer
Abbott

SALT COMPOSITION
Chlordiazepoxide (10mg)

Product introduction

Librium 10 Tablet belongs to a class of medicines known as benzodiazepine anxiolytics. It is used to treat severe anxiety. It alters brain activity and calms it thereby providing relief.

Librium 10 Tablet may be taken with or without food. However, it is advised to take it at the same time each day as this helps to maintain a consistent level of medicine in the body. Take this medicine in the dose and duration as advised by your doctor as it has a high potential of habit-forming.

If you have missed a dose, take it as soon as you remember it and finish the full course of treatment even if you feel better. This medication mustn't be stopped suddenly without talking to the doctor as it may cause nausea and anxiety.

The most common side effects of this medicine include lightheadedness, drowsiness, sedation, dizziness, fatigue, balance disorder, unsteadiness, and uncoordinated body movements. It may cause dizziness and sleepiness, so do not drive or do anything that requires mental focus until you know how this medicine affects you. If you have been taking this medicine for a long time then regular monitoring of blood and liver functions may be required.

Uses of Librium Tablet

1. Severe anxiety
2. Alcohol withdrawal

Benefits of Librium Tablet

In Severe anxiety

Librium 10 Tablet gives short-term relief from the symptoms of excessive anxiety and worry. It can also reduce feelings of restlessness, tiredness, difficulty concentrating and feeling irritable. It will therefore help you go about your daily activities more easily and be more productive. Keep taking this medicine even if you feel well. Stopping it suddenly can cause serious problems. So, do not stop taking it without discussing with your doctor.

In Alcohol withdrawal

Librium 10 Tablet helps relieve unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. It takes roughly 30 minutes for a patient to feel the effects of Librium 10 Tablet. It lowers symptoms of anxiety and muscle spasms caused by alcohol withdrawal. When used along with social support and counseling, it helps people recover from alcohol addiction and to avoid having the urge to drink alcohol again.

Side effects of Librium Tablet

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them.

Common side effects of Librium

Lightheadedness
Drowsiness
Sedation
Dizziness
Uncoordinated body movements
Fatigue
Unsteadiness
Balance disorder (loss of balance)

How Librium Tablet works

Librium 10 Tablet is a benzodiazepine. 
It works by increasing the action of a chemical messenger (GABA) which suppresses the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells in the brain.

Fact Box

Chemical Class
Benzodiazepines Derivative

Habit Forming
Yes

Therapeutic Class
NEURO CNS

Action Class
Benzodiazepines

Tags: Medicine,Psychology,

SkyEc Care Best Shampoo for Dogs & Cats

Product highlights

1. It deodorizes and helps relieve fungal and bacterial skin infections such as dermatitis and pyoderma

2. It helps regulate and retain moisture in hair and strengthens hair follicles for healthy growth

3. It promotes healthy skin and coat to reduce shedding

4. Natural ingredients helps protect against excessive shedding leaving a healthy and shiny coat

5. Powerful antibacterial properties cleanses wounds and skin irritations; can help prevent bacterial and fungal infections when used regularly

Key Ingredients

1. Wheat germ oil

2. Vitamins

3. Fatty acids

Tags: Medicine,Medicine for dogs,

Nimulid-MD Tablet

Nimulid-MD Tablet

Manufacturer
Panacea Biotec Ltd

SALT COMPOSITION
Nimesulide (100mg)

Product introduction

Nimulid-MD Tablet is a pain-relieving medicine. It is used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions including joint disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, postoperative painful condition, fever, and period pain.

Nimulid-MD Tablet should be taken with food. This will prevent you from getting an upset stomach. In general, you should try to use the smallest amount necessary to control your symptoms, for the shortest possible time. You should take this medicine regularly while you need it. Try not to miss doses as this will make the medicine less effective.

Some common side effects of this medicine include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. If any of these side effects do not resolve with time or get worse, you should let your doctor know. Your doctor may be able to suggest ways of preventing or reducing the symptoms.

To make sure it is safe for you, before taking this medicine, let your doctor know if you have any medical conditions or disorders. You should also tell your doctor all the other medicines you're using or taking. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their doctors before using this medicine.

Uses of Nimulid Tablet DT

Pain relief
Treatment of Fever

In Pain relief

Nimulid-MD Tablet is used to treat aches and pains. It blocks chemical messengers in the brain that tell us we have pain. It is effective in relieving pain caused by headache, migraine, nerve pain, toothache, sore throat, period (menstrual) pains, arthritis, and muscle aches. This medicine is very widely used and very rarely causes side effects if taken at the right dosage.

Take it as it is prescribed to get the most benefit. Do not take more or longer than needed as that can be dangerous. In general, you should take the lowest dose that works, for the shortest possible time.

In Treatment of Fever

Nimulid-MD Tablet is also used to reduce a high temperature (fever). It works by blocking the release of certain chemical messengers that cause fever. It may be prescribed alone or in combination with another medicine. You should take it regularly as advised by your doctor.

Side effects of Nimulid Tablet DT

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them
Common side effects of Nimulid

    Vomiting
    Nausea
    Diarrhea

Fact Box

Chemical Class
Diphenylethers Derivative

Habit Forming
No

Therapeutic Class
PAIN ANALGESICS

Action Class
NSAID's-Non-Selective COX 1&2 Inhibitors (Others)

Interaction with drugs

Taking Nimulid with any of the following medicines can modify the effect of either of them and cause some undesirable side effects

Aceclofenac
Brand(s): Acifon, Reclofen, Aceclocare
Life-threatening

Acenocoumarol
Brand(s): Altrom, Cenorol, Cgtrom
Life-threatening

Aspirin
Brand(s): M Spirin, Aspirin, Asalite
Life-threatening

Bromfenac
Brand(s): Vbrom
Life-threatening

Tags: Medicine,

Norpex TZ (for Diarrhea)

Norpex TZ 400mg/600mg/10mg Tablet
Prescription Required
Manufacturer
Uni-Pex Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd
SALT COMPOSITION
Norfloxacin (400mg) + Tinidazole (600mg) + Beta-Cyclodextrin (10mg)
Storage
Store below 30°C

Product introduction

Norpex TZ 400mg/600mg/10mg Tablet is a combination medicine that is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. It prevents the growth of microorganisms to treat bacterial infections.

Norpex TZ 400mg/600mg/10mg Tablet is a prescription medicine that is to be taken as per the prescription or as suggested by the doctor. It should be taken with or without food, but it must be taken at a fixed time to ensure better efficacy. Do not consume more than the recommended dose, as this may have harmful effects on your body. If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. The treatment must be completed even if you feel better.

Norpex TZ 400mg/600mg/10mg Tablet may lead to some side effects such as nausea, headaches, dryness of mouth, etc. To overcome any such side effects, it is advised to eat a healthy balanced diet and drink plenty of fluid. Maintaining good oral hygiene can prevent or manage the dryness of the mouth. If any of the side effects get aggravated, contact your doctor immediately. If you experience any allergic reaction (rashes, itching, swelling, shortness of breath, etc.), you must consult your doctor immediately.

Before taking this medicine, you should tell your doctor if you have any problems with your liver or kidneys. Also, tell your doctor if you are on any medication for any health condition. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also consult with the doctors before taking it. Avoid drinking alcohol as it can cause excessive dizziness with this medicine. It usually does not impair your ability to drive, but you should not drive if it makes you feel sleepy or dizzy. If you are a known allergic to the medicine, you must refrain from using this medicine and consult your doctor. It is advised to take proper rest during the course of treatment for the medicine to work effectively.

Uses of Norpex TZ Tablet

Diarrhea

Benefits of Norpex TZ Tablet

In Diarrhea
Diarrhea is an increase in the frequency of bowel movements or loose watery bowel movements. It can most commonly occur due to an infection of the digestive tract. Norpex TZ 400mg/600mg/10mg Tablet helps to treat diarrhea that is caused due to bacteria or parasitic worm infections. This medicine can relieve frequent loose motions and also help you to stay well by preventing them from coming back. You need to take this medicine regularly to get the most out of it and you should drink plenty of fluids while taking it to make sure you stay hydrated.

Side effects of Norpex TZ Tablet

Most side effects do not require any medical attention and disappear as your body adjusts to the medicine. Consult your doctor if they persist or if you’re worried about them
Common side effects of Norpex TZ

    Nausea
    Dryness in mouth
    Vomiting
    Diarrhea
    Stomach pain
    Metallic taste
    Headache

How Norpex TZ Tablet works

Norpex TZ 400mg/600mg/10mg Tablet is a combination of three medicines: Norfloxacin, Tinidazole and Beta-Cyclodextrin. 

Norfloxacin is an antibiotic. It kills bacteria by preventing them from reproducing and repairing themselves. 

Tinidazole is also an antibiotic which kills other infectious microorganisms in addition to bacteria by damaging their DNA. 

Beta-Cyclodextrin enhances the effect of these medicines.

Fact Box

Habit Forming
No

Therapeutic Class
GASTRO INTESTINAL

Tags: Medicine,