Article 15 of the Constitution of India forbids discrimination on grounds only of: 1. religion, 2. race, 3. caste, 4. sex, or 5. place of birth It applies Article 14's general principle of equality in specific situations by forbidding classifications made on protected grounds. While prohibiting discrimination based on prejudice, the Article is also the central issue in a large body of judicial decisions, public debate, and legislation revolving around affirmative action, reservations, and quotas. As of the 103rd Amendment of the Constitution of India, Article 15 has five clauses. General prohibition against state discrimination Clause (1) prohibits discrimination against citizens on protected grounds. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender people are also protected by Article 15, as discrimination against them is discrimination on the basis of 'sex' as interpreted by the Supreme Court. Horizontal prohibition of denial of access Clause (2) mandates that citizens may access various public or commercial spaces or utilities without discrimination on protected grounds. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to: (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and palaces of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public Clauses 3-6: Special provisions for disadvantaged groups Clauses (3)-(5) create exceptions or 'special provisions' for these general prohibitions, by allowing the State to create special provisions for women, children, socially and educationally backward classes, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Women and children (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children. Socially and educationally backward classes (4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Reservations in educational institutions (5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of Article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes insofar as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private education institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of Article 30. Economically weaker sections (6) Nothing in this article or sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 or clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making— (a) any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5); and (b) any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30, which in the case of reservation would be in addition to the existing reservations and subject to a maximum of ten per cent. of the total seats in each category. Explanation — For the purposes of this article and article 16, "economically weaker sections" shall be such as may be notified by the State from time to time on the basis of family income and other indicators of economic disadvantage. Ref: Wikipedia: 20210819
Thursday, August 19, 2021
Article 15 of the Constitution of India
Wednesday, August 18, 2021
The Story of the Bench (Journal)
Index of Journals
Is bench a bad thing? Some of you might not even be aware of what I am going to talk about and yet you might think that a bench is that place to sit you find in a public park. All of you are right whether you know what a bench is. Because ultimately both are made for people who do not have anything to do. The bench in a corporate company is a code attached to your profile that signifies that you do not have a project. What exactly is a bench code? 1. Transition phase as move between projects: Once your project gets over, you fall on bench. Next, you appear in client interviews to get back into a project code. 2. Starting phase: When you join a service-based company, you start with a bench code. Then you would be immediately interviewed for the position or profile you were hired for. The interview that you crack to join the company has little to do with the client interview so keep preparing while you are on bench. 3. Disciplinary phase: If you do something that your manager has to put you off the project, he or she deallocates you from the project and put you on bench code. Any misbehavior, bad language, absence from meetings, inconsistent timings of logging in and logging off, drugs, information security breach may result in you being unmapped from project code and mapped to a bench code. I would share my experiences when I first joined the company in August 2018 and was on a weeklong bench of “Type 2”. The bench for new joiners is a bit different from the way experienced folks take it. New joiners have questions of this sort: 1. Who can get me a project? 2. Whom do I talk to? 3. What trainings, courses, certifications should I take? 4. What if I get the work that matches my profile and interest? All of these were my questions too. At that time, I called everyone to everyone I knew was related to my company: Kunal Jain (from Manu Apartments), Abhishek Shukla (from NIEC), Employee Relations HR, Business Process HR, Talent Planning Department manager, co-joiners, and whom not. Luckily, I got the call in next one or two days from my project manager and I got the project. An interesting thing had happened during this time: I was having a perplexed face, demotivated soul, and loneliness one afternoon when I was going towards Employee Care Center and Rohit Sud found me. That was a game changer, and my life turned a bit positive and less punishing that moment on. Due to shortage of time: I'd answer the question with which we started: Is bench a bad thing? Answer is: Yes, it may affect your appraisals, promotion, hike, track record, image and career.
Sunday, August 15, 2021
Journal - 20210815 - Is my salary low, here's the answer, Yashvir
Index of Journals
I am so angry that I would right off jump to few conclusions:
1. I wish nobody should have an uncle like Yashvir.
2. Yashvir is repugnant.
3. Yashvir is despecable.
The above three conclusions also apply for Seema (my aunt).
When you write out your emotions, it literally has a cooling effect.
At Toastmasters, I learnt that you get 1-2 minutes for Table Topics. You are shown:
Green card at 1 minutes,
Yellow card at 1:30 minutes and
Red card at 2 minutes (30 seconds grace on upper side);
This is to make sure you communicate the desired message within an allotted time.
FYI: According to the National Center for Voice and Speech, the average conversation rate for English speakers in the United States is about 150 wpm.
That means I should close a post in roughly 300 words.
I had to meet Ashna for the first time on the 9th of August and for that reason I was in Mayur Vihar on the night of 8th of August. I was there for the first time since grandpa's death.
Grandma was happy but there was a surprise humiliation waiting for me from uncle and aunt.
Uncle convinced me that my salary was low by being assertive like a ‘broken record’.
I gave him several reasons that I was okay with my salary since:
1. I told him the plate of food served to me by Seema would have roughly costed Rs 80 since it was having milk cheese (paneer) vegetable mix in it. And that I can afford such a plate of food myself.
2. I told Yashvir that my company is giving me non-monetary benefits, so I don’t need to run after money especially.
3. I told him I have cleared multiple job interviews (such as with Ericson or PWC) but I did not change the job because I was okay with my present job.
4. I told him that comparison of my salary with that of Kirti or Sambhav does not make sense because a security personnel in Infosys has his son selected at Tekion at a slaray package of 12 LPA and that the founder of Tekion is the former Chief Information Officer (CIO) for Tesla Inc., and reported directly to Elon Musk, the CEO of Tesla. Prior to joining Tesla, Vijayan also held positions at VMware and Oracle.
5. He said my salary should be 35 LPA by now after knowing my experience. To this I stated (what I learned from Anil Dahiya), that at 7 years of experience, you cannot expect ratio of years of experience to LPA to be 1:5.
What I could not say to him on face is this:
1. 6 months back, Yashvir’s son (Prashant) was still in college doing MS at a US university with his father’s money, while I paid for my Masters’ with my own salary.
2. My mother is a person who needs to be looked after while all the bua and Seema is very much in good shape to look after themselves and look after their families.
3. Yashvir and Seema spoiled my childhood and now they have been also staying in this grandpa’s house in Mayur Vihar claiming it to be thier’s while telling me things about Tri Nagar or buying a house for my own.
Saturday, August 14, 2021
Journal (2021-Aug-14)
Index of Journals
The kid above is showing middle finger on my behalf to the following people: 1. From society: Hardik Vashishth, Sanjay Sharma, Veena Ralli, Mudita Gupta, Naresh Taneja, Mahima Gupta, and Swati Tondon. 2. From NIEC/ADGITM college: Tanuja Nautiyal, Gareema Sethi, Priti Verma Dhaka, Anshu (English teacher) 3. From Family: Yashvir Singh Jain, Seema Jain, Parvesh Jain, Kumkum Jain, Rekha Jain and Prashant Jain. Writing about your day seems much simpler than writing about your sister's wedding. For one: you don't have to think deep and put the facts, memories, recollections in an orderly fashion so that they resemble a story with: 1. A beginning 2. A body, and 3. A conclusion You can go on and ramble about things and people you saw or met during the day and those people or things have found a place in your head so much so that you want to write about them. The day is a big success if I reach Chandigarh alive tonight by around 2AM. Yes, you are right if you are thinking that am in Haryana roadways bus. Haha, am still a crier. You would know from this line: The bus fares have increased from ₹245 in Aug 2018 to ₹305 today. Now after all the sobbing and crying: Here is the story of getting a room painted, not any other room but granny's. I usually go to this tea shop near Prachin Hanuman Mandir. The tea shop is on the other side of the drainage or you can also say the bridge. Every day plenty of laborers, masons, plumbers, electricians, painters and caffeine addicts might be visiting his shop so I was there and dropped my number after asking him for a painter. This is how Rajuddin came into my life. Pretty romantic, isn't it? I traveled to Delhi this weekend to get the work related to driving licence done. But then Rajuddin had been trying to reach me since few days. We also had been on calls a couple of times but I could not make up my mind with respect to price he was quoting of ₹7500 for one room. Well, he spoke well, would call me 'Ashish Bhai' or in English that would mean Ashish brother and apart from granny's room, he also painted the kitchen. Mom was insisting that we get someone else who would paint a room in a price around ₹3000 but I let Rajuddin do it since I needed it done fast and am aware that money spins the world so he would be inclined to listen than fool around if given few bucks more. He did five things as part of painting the room. 1. A bit of brushing the walls here and there (not done in my presence, so can't comment how well they (Rajuddin and 'Rambabu') did it). 2. Applying the putty to level out the uneven surface of the walls before painting. From what I could see on the painted walls, surface wasn't even and flat at all places but there were no major dips, crests or troughs :NotSureHowToPutIt 3. Then primer (white paint like liquid) 4. Then colored paint. The white color. 5. After walls are done, they paint doors and windows. Overall, am happy with how the room now looks. It was like a room in an abandoned house before the paint work. The last paint work that this room might have got must be before 2001. So that's after 20 years, this paint work is happening. I am so happy. There is one transaction about which I need to check: if mom got back the security amount we paid for ladder or Rajuddin kept it to himself. --- The second story is of my tenant Sanjay. This man whom I call Sanjay Ramesh since the time Sanjay and Chanchal were once tenants last year. Ramesh is Sanjay's chacha or to explain to you: Ramesh is the younger brother of Sanjay's dad. After Sanjay comes back from work, we go out to have tea. Yesterday, we also went for dinner. Dosa and coke at the Bangla Restaurant: a pretty popular one with modern furnishing and air conditioning. The place has a standard that com s out from the way it sells coke because it sells coke at a high price in its own paper glass and straw like McDonald's. Now whatever conversation Sanjay and I had should not be put online in public domain but this person is really a beautiful person from inside. He has the same problem that I am suffering from. We are both looking for a bride. The problem for him is more serious as he is 33 and not as educated as me, doesn't earn as much as I do, and also because his speech is not very clear. His tongue slips on few syllables such as he would pronounce T in "tomato" as T in the Hindi word for 'you' that is 'tu'. When I spoke to him, I treated him like the protagonist and myself in the supporting role like Kamli (Kamlesh) was to Sanju (Sanjay Dutt), like Bachchan bhaiya was to Bala (Balmukund). The statement he repeated atleast a couple of times made me very emotional. He would say: I would bring my wife and family here if I had any. And, thinking about it is bringing a quotation by Mahatma Gandhi in mind: What's basic necessity for you might be luxury for another. Food for me and an expensive family outing for Sanjay.
Friday, August 13, 2021
2011-Jan-08 (Chat with Vibha Bharadwaj)
Index of Journals
8 January 2011 Happy Birthday, Sameer! I started the day with exercise. I went to the open grassy walks at the back of the society. I feel really awful sometimes to know that my height is short. I came back home at about 1100 and was watching movie afterwards. Aunt went to temple, and when she returned she just threw fits on me for not putting the side-chairs down from the sofa. She said she had told me this thing before leaving, and guess what, she hadn’t. Plus, I was just about to put them down before she entered the door so that makes me feel not guilty. We got pretty much into verbal mess, but it never became a brawl. I watched the movie and it was good. But, I was never in good mood, felt pissed as reached my bed, as if my whole body is too familiar with the surroundings of that corner of the house. Prachi was eating lunch with Anu and Prashant. I went to have a bath. And after that, I spent sometime in sharing jokes with Anu and Prachi. I didn’t want anything to go wrong, in my absence. Who can trust a ten-year-old? I was just never all right after today’s incident. I kept thinking about it, it was all over my head. I was feeling bad, guilty. All the time, I wanted nothing actually and I just slipped when the moment was lose. I was just mad over what I had done and I sat on laptop in my room, thinking about writing for today. Aunt went out somewhere in the evening with Srishti. I watched “Mr. And Mrs. Smith” till seven and then I was texting Vibha. Her first text came when I was watching movie and I didn’t bother to reply. Vibha: I thnk v shud tlk nw. Ashish (after half an hour): Yes, pls. Ashish: Try to reply msgs earlier than half an hour... Vibha (after another 20 minutes): if ur rply cums late, wat cn I do.. Ashish: Yeah so... wht did ya wnt to tlk abt? Vibha: i dunt hv nythng in mind, I jst wnted 2 tlk… Ashish: u kno wht, i most of the time cant think abt wht to do... Vibha: so wht u did on our b’day ws inertial or smthng out of ur mind... Ashish: My birthday, when ws tht Vibha: Was that on 8th Dec?.... Ashish: Wht i had done, cant remember.... On the date you have in your mind... Vibha: Huh!....Dat ws sumthng nt imp 2 u....U msgd me-Vibha i love you....Dun tell me u dun remember.... Ashish: I nvr linked d two incidents... Vibha: Hmm....Gr8.How many backs hv u got in ur 1st sem? Ashish: Three, eng, phy, comp And seven in next, six theory leavin mech and electrical's prac. Vibha: Hmm....I thnk u must b done wid ur subj of 1st sem?... Ashish: No not yet bt tht wudnt be problem... There's enough time i've got btw 18, my phy xam date nd 24, comp xam date. Eng xam's on 25, no probs at all. Vibha: Ahh....Den,u hv got loads of tym man....:) Ashish: Yeah... u dnt hv ny backs...? Vibha: Nope.May in dis sem,in OOPS. Ashish: ha... Tht's funny... This sem... It mght b math, nd analog, nd focs...fr me. Vibha: Ohh!....Yeah.Maths too.But u told me,ur analag xam went gud. Ashish: It ws our second xam, i did it lot b8r thn math and so i hd been rating analog well in earlier days Vibha: *Analog.....U knw wat,u resemble me of 2 people-Tiger Woods,Salman Rushdie..... Ashish: Why so... I want to ask. Ashish: They both r both great ppl of their field nd hd cheated deir wives...B-) Vibha: Yeah.Very true.U answd d que urself.Gud. Ashish: You Are Such a BITCH!!! :-P Vibha: Watt!!.....Actually i wanna rectify d 2nd reason.Both of dem had countless women in dere life. Ashish: So, whts rong wth SULMAN RUSHDIE nd TIGER WOODS hvin countless women in deir lives? Thy r best at wht they do... Nd fault finders cant find peace even in paradise... They deserve the best, they almost got world under deir feet... Seein deir gud works one hs surely got to envy them. Vibha: I simply ur appreciate ur spirit.But i wont luv Ashish 4 d 2nd reason. Ashish: I would love to be like them, i take tht as a compliment! B-) Ashish: You got a choice.... Man makes mistakes (I aint god) and fools repeat them. Vibha: I have already chosen u. Ashish: Wake upp! I kno tht. Vibha: U knw dat!!!....:( Ashish: :-P, nufin' to cry abt.... I've chosen you :-* Vibha: Nuffin? Ashish: Nothing, what? Vibha: Huh!...M askng its meaning.... Ashish: 'Nothing' ws The Meanin. Vibha: Hmm....Ok.:(....Had dinner?... Ashish: Long b4... how abt you? Vibha: Just finished. It was about 2230 that I had dinner and I was in bed later thinking about the today. God Bless ‘Me’ Ashish
Thursday, August 12, 2021
Document Parsing, Document based Embeddings and Word Embeddings
For our examples in this post, we would use the following sentence as input: sentence = "Thomas Jefferson began building Monticello at the age of 26." ----- For the fundamental building blocks of NLP, there are equivalents in a computer language compiler: # tokenizer — scanner, lexer, lexical analyzer # vocabulary — lexicon # parser — compiler # token, term, word, sentence, or n-gram — token, symbol, or terminal symbol N-gram: two-gram, three-gram or four-gram... so on. For sentence: Thomas Jefferson began building Monticello at the age of 26. Two-grams: “Thomas Jefferson”, “Jefferson began”, “began building”, ... Three-grams: “Thomas Jefferson began”, “Jefferson began building”, ... -----One Hot Vector
Each row of the table is a binary row vector, and you can see why it’s also called a one-hot vector: all but one of the positions (columns) in a row are 0 or blank. Only one column, or position in the vector, is “hot” (“1”). A one (1) means on, or hot. A zero (0) means off, or absent. And you can use the vector: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0] to represent the word “began” in your NLP pipeline. -----One-hot vector Representation of a Document
-----
One hot encoding of a categorical column
-----Word Frequency Vector Representation of the Corpus
If you summed all these one-hot vectors together, rather than “replaying” them one at a time, you’d get a bag-of-words vector. This is also called a word frequency vector, because it only counts the frequency of words, not their order.Ex 1:
Ex 2:
-----
Explaining Construction of "Word Frequence Vector Representation"
1) Thomas Jefferson began building Monticello at the age of 26. 2) Construction was done mostly by local masons and carpenters. 3) He moved into the South Pavilion in 1770. 4) Turning Monticello into a neoclassical masterpiece was Jefferson's obsession. We have 26 and 1770 as Numbers. First step to building vocabulary is sorting the words: Sorting the words: 1770, 26, Construction, He... -----Dot product / Inner product / Scalar product
Geometric Definition
In Euclidean space, a Euclidean vector is a geometric object that possesses both a magnitude and a direction. A vector can be pictured as an arrow. Its magnitude is its length, and its direction is the direction to which the arrow points. The magnitude of a vector “a” is denoted by ||a||. The dot product of two Euclidean vectors a and b is defined by:An application of dot product
Sent0 = I am Ashish. Sent1 = Maybe am not. Words: I am Ashish Maybe not Sent0 1 1 1 0 0 Sent1 0 1 0 1 1 SENT0.SENT1 = (1 * 0) + (1 * 1) + (1 * 0) + (0 * 1) + (0 * 1) = 1 Number of common words in these two sentences is “1”. -----Several Python libraries implement tokenizers, each with its own advantages and disadvantages
# spaCy — Accurate , flexible, fast, Python # Stanford CoreNLP — More accurate, less flexible, fast, depends on Java 8 # NLTK — Standard used by many NLP contests and comparisons, popular, Python -----Treebank Word Tokenizer
An even better tokenizer is the Treebank Word Tokenizer from the NLTK package. It incorporates a variety of common rules for English word tokenization. For example, it separates phrase-terminating punctuation (?!.;,) from adjacent tokens and retains decimal numbers containing a period as a single token. In addition, it contains rules for English contractions. For example, “don’t” is tokenized as ["do", "n’t"]. This tokenization will help with subsequent steps in the NLP pipeline, such as stemming. You can find all the rules for the Treebank Tokenizer at: nltk.tokenize.treebank-----
Stop Words
Stop words are common words in any language that occur with a high frequency but carry much less substantive information about the meaning of a phrase. Examples of some common stop words include: a, an the, this and, or of, on Historically, stop words have been excluded from NLP pipelines in order to reduce the computational effort to extract information from a text. Even though the words themselves carry little information, the stop words can provide important relational information as part of an n-gram. Consider these two examples: Mark reported to the CEO Suzanne reported as the CEO to the board -----Document Parsing Ends Here And: Word Embeddings Begin.
Word Embeddings
One of the most exciting recent advancements in NLP is the “discovery” of word vectors. This chapter will help you understand what they are and how to use them to do some surprisingly powerful things. You’ll learn how to recover some of the fuzziness and subtlety of word meaning that was lost in the approximations of earlier chapters. In the previous chapters, we ignored the nearby context of a word. We ignored the words around each word. We ignored the effect the neighbors of a word have on its meaning and how those relationships affect the overall meaning of a statement. Our bag-of-words concept jumbled all the words from each document together into a statistical bag. In this chapter, you’ll create much smaller bags of words from a “neighborhood” of only a few words, typically fewer than 10 tokens. You’ll also ensure that these neighborhoods of meaning don’t spill over into adjacent sentences. This process will help focus your word vector training on the relevant words.Word Vectors or Word Embeddings
Word vectors are numerical vector representations of word semantics, or meaning, including literal and implied meaning. So word vectors can capture the connotation of words, like “peopleness,” “animalness,” “placeness,” “thingness,” and even “conceptness.” And they combine all that into a dense vector (no zeros) of floating point values. This dense vector enables queries and logical reasoning.
Index of Word Meanings
Idioms, Phrases and Quotes
Word Meanings
- Word Meanings 2023-Feb-13
- Word Meanings (2023-Jan) - From The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog
- Word Meanings 2023-Jan-23
- 32 Word Meanings (from Beyond Order) - 2023 Jan 21
- 51 Word Meanings (from Thanks for the feedback) - 2022 Dec 26
- Word Meanings 2022-Nov-27
- Word Meanings (12 words) - 2022-Mar-27
- Word Meanings (2022-Feb-12 0030)
- Word Meanings (2022-Feb-11)
- Word Meanings (2021-Dec-23)
- Word Meanings (32 Words) - 2021-Dec-22
- Word Meanings (2021-Dec-21)
- Word Meanings 2021-Dec-20
- Word Meanings 2021-Jun-27 (14 Words)
- Word Meanings 2021-06-19 [13 Words]
- Word Meanings 2021-06-17 (8 Words)
- Word Meanings 2021-05-21 [8 Words]
- Word Meanings 2021-04-14 (11 Words)
- Word Meanings 2021-03-25 (14 Words)
- Word Meanings 2020-Apr-01
- Word Meanings 20200112
- Word Meanings 20191223
- Words borrowed by English from other languages (20191222)
- Word Meanings 20191217
- Word Meanings 20191205
- Word Meanings 20191109
- Word Meanings 20191013
- Word Meanings 20190830
- Word Meanings 20190810
- Word Meanings 20190804
- Word Meanings 20190721
- Word Meanings 20190714
- Word Meanings 20190712
- Word Meanings 20190709
- Word Meanings 20190708
- Word Meanings 20190707
For Beginners
Word Meanings (Beginner's Day 3 (16 Words))
Index of Word Meanings
Passage:
I was born in a small village called Taktser, in the northeast of Tibet, on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Wood Hog Year of the Tibetan calendar—that is, 1935, Taktser is in the district called Dokham, and that name is descriptive, for Do means the lower part of a valley that merges into the plains, and Kham is the eastern part of Tibet where the distinctive race of Tibetans called Khampa lives. Thus Dokham is the part of Tibet where our mountains begin to descend to the plains of the east, towards China. Taktser itself is about 9,000 feet above the sea.
-----
1.
north-east
noun
noun: northeast
the direction or a region halfway between north and east
उत्तर और पूर्व के मध्य की दिशा या क्षेत्र, पूर्वोत्तर या उत्तर-पूर्व
-----
2.
called
कॉल्ड्
adjective
to have a particular name
कोई विशेष नाम होना
-----
3.
descriptive
डिˈस्क्रिप्टिव़्
adjective
that describes somebody/something, especially in a skilful or interesting way
वर्णनात्मक, वर्णनप्रधान
-----
4.
descriptive
डिˈस्क्रिप्टिव़्
adjective
that describes somebody/something, especially in a skilful or interesting way
वर्णनात्मक, वर्णनप्रधान
-----
5.
merge
मज्
verb
3rd person present: merges
1.
to become part of something larger
में विलय या विलीन हो जाना, अपने से बड़े का हिस्सा बन जाना
Three small companies merged into one large one.Three small companies merged into one large one.
This stream merges with the river a few miles downstream.
2.
to join things together so that they become one
वस्तुओं का मिलाकर एक कर देना
-----
6.
lower
ˈलोअ(र्)
adjective
below something or at the bottom of something
निचला
-----
7.
valley
ˈव़ैलि
noun
the low land between two mountains or hills, which often has a river flowing through it
दो पर्वतों या पहाड़ों के बीच की नीची भूमि प्रायः जिससे होकर नदी बहती है; घाटी, वादी
-----
8.
plain
प्लेन्
Learn to pronounce
noun
plural noun: plains
a large area of flat land with few trees
कम वृक्षों वाला बड़ा समतल इलाक़ा; बड़ा सपाट मैदान
-----
9.
born
बॉन्
verb
to come into the world by birth; to start existing
जन्म लेना, पैदा होना; अस्तित्व का आरंभ होना
I was born in Lucknow but I grew up in Varanasi.I was born in Lucknow but I grew up in Varanasi.
The idea of free education for all was born in the nineteenth century.
His unhappiness was born out of a feeling of frustration.
adjective
1.
having a natural ability to do something
जन्मजात, प्राकृतिक गुण संपन्न
She’s a born leader.She’s a born leader.
2.
born in the place or state mentioned
निर्दिष्ट स्थान पर या अवस्था में जन्मा
-----
10.
begin
बिˈगिन्
verb
1.
to start doing something; to do the first part of something
(कोई काम) आरंभ करना, शुरू करना; पहले चरण का आरंभ करना
Shall I begin or will you?Shall I begin or will you?
I began [started steading] reading this novel last month and I still haven’t finished it.
2.
to start to happen or exist, especially from a particular time
कोई घटना शुरू होना, प्रारंभ होना, विशेषतः किसी ख़ास समय से
-----
11.
descend
डिˈसै̮न्ड्
FORMAL
verb
to go down to a lower place; to go down something
नीचे आना; उतरना
The plane started to descend and a few minutes later we landed.
-----
12.
towards
टˈवॉड्ज़्
preposition
1.
in the direction of somebody/something
किसी की ओर खींचना
I saw Kamal walking towards the station.I saw Kamal walking towards the station.
a first step towards world peace
2.
near or nearer a time or date
किसी समय या तारीख़ के निकट या अधिक निकट
-----
13.
above
अˈबव़्
preposition , adjective , adverb
1.
in a higher place
उच्चतर स्थान में; ऊपर
The people in the flat above make a lot of noise.The people in the flat above make a lot of noise.
The coffee is in the cupboard above the sink.The coffee is in the cupboard above the sink.
2.
in an earlier part (of something written)
(लिखित कथन के प्रसंग में) उपर्युक्त, पूर्वोक्त
Contact me at the above address [the address above].Contact me at the above address [the address above].
Opposite:
below
3.
more than a number, amount, price, etc.
किसी संख्या, राशि, क़ीमत आदि से अधिक
children aged 11 and abovechildren aged 11 and above
You must get above 50 per cent to pass the exam.You must get above 50 per cent to pass the exam.
above-average temperaturesabove-average temperatures
Opposite:
below
4.
with a higher position in an organization, etc.
किसी संगठन आदि के उच्चतर पद पर
The person above me is the department manager.The person above me is the department manager.
Opposite:
below
5.
too proud to do something
अभिमानवश किसी कार्य को तुच्छ समझना
He seems to think he’s above helping with the cleaning.He seems to think he’s above helping with the cleaning.
-----
14.
foot
फ़ुट्
noun
plural noun: feet
1.
the lowest part of the body, at the end of the leg, on which a person or animal stands
पैर, पाँव
to get/rise to your feet [stand up]to get/rise to your feet [stand up]
I usually go to school on foot [walking].I usually go to school on foot [walking].
a foot brake/pedal/pump [one that is operated by your foot]a foot brake/pedal/pump [one that is operated by your foot]
2.
having or using the type of foot or number of feet mentioned
निर्दिष्ट प्रकार के (बायाँ या दायाँ) पैर वाला या निर्दिष्ट संख्या (चार, छह आदि) पैरों वाला
There are no left-footed players in the team.There are no left-footed players in the team.
a four-footed creaturea four-footed creature
3.
the part of a sock, etc. that covers the foot
ज़ुराब आदि का वह हिस्सा जो पैर को ढकता है (जुराब का पैर)
4.
the bottom of something
किसी वस्तु का तला
There’s a note at the foot of the page.There’s a note at the foot of the page.
the foot of the stairsthe foot of the stairs
the foot of the bedthe foot of the bed
Opposite:
top
5.
measurement of length; 30.48 centimetres
लंबाई की एक माप; 30.48 सेंटीमीटर
‘How tall are you?’ ‘Five foot six (inches).’‘How tall are you?’ ‘Five foot six (inches).’
a six-foot high walla six-foot high wall
-----
15.
country
ˈकन्ट्रि
noun
noun: country; noun: the country; plural noun: countries
1.
an area of land with its own people, government, etc.
किसी भूक्षेत्र में रहनेवाले लोग, उनकी सरकार आदि, देश
India, Sri Lanka and other Asian countriesIndia, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries
There was rain over much of the country during the monsoons.There was rain over much of the country during the monsoons.
2.
the people who live in a country
देश के निवासी
a survey to find out what the country really thinksa survey to find out what the country really thinks
3.
land which is away from towns and cities
देहात, ग्रामीण क्षेत्र (शहरों और क़स्बों से दूर)
Do you live in a town or in the country?Do you live in a town or in the country?
4.
an area of land
ज़मीन का इलाक़ा; भूक्षेत्र
We looked down over miles of open country.We looked down over miles of open country.
hilly countryhilly country
-----
16.
our
आ(र्)
determiner
possesive pronoun: our
of or belonging to us
हमारा (जिसके हम स्वामी हैं या जो हमसे संबंधित है)
Our house is at the bottom of the road.Our house is at the bottom of the road.
This is our first visit to Shimla.
-----
Sunday, August 8, 2021
Chapter 4 - Manju bua drawing comparison between two infants viz Anushka and myself
Index of Journals
When Anushka was three, Manju bua once told me that this new girl in the family has striking similarities in her nature with the ones that I had when I was of her age. I was adamant. I used to be stiff about my decisions. Whether I would be right or wrong, most of the times I would be wrong though, but adamant. That is exactly what bua told me. In addition, of course, historians write history in the favor of the last victorious person. Moreover, as I have grown too much to recall anything from the time when I was an infant, Manju bua and all others like grandma and aunt won.
Therefore, that means I was a mess as a child.
I would demand what I would feel like. There will be times when whole house will be standing on one side, and I on the other. Buaji continues, "Not that others were wrong, but you were still not listening to them."
Anushka was just climbing on her shoulders via chest as she was sitting on bed with Prachi and me. Looking at her bua told me that I used to act in exactly the same way, crying, howling, but never telling the problem or putting my wish before anybody. So what would one do in such a situation other than being violent? Then she slaps Anushka to shut her up.
Bua would now ask me if I still had in my mind some old memories from the times when I was in Tri Nagar. I said no. She asks in bewilderment, "so since what time you can still recollect vividly?"
That answer to her question was eighth and then she reminds me of Maharaja Agrasen Public School, where I studied until fourth standard. She told me the names of the other two Ashish(s) I had in my class when I was in first class, Ashish Kumar and Ashish Kanojia.
“It’s Kanojia!” I had always thought that it is Kalonjia, whatever!
I ask her the question I had always wanted to know the answer of which,” How old was I when you got married?” I was merely in first. Ah! Okay, so that is why I can hardly think of you and me together in Tri Nagar.
Word Meanings (Beginner's Day 2 (15 Words))
Index of Word Meanings
1.
people
/ˈpiːp(ə)l/
Learn to pronounce
See definitions in:
All
Law
Grammar
Religion
noun
1.
human beings in general or considered collectively.
"the earthquake killed 30,000 people"
Similar:
human beings
persons
individuals
humans
mankind
humankind
the human race
Homo sapiens
humanity
the human species
mortals
(living) souls
personages
men
women
and children
folk
peeps
2.
the members of a particular nation, community, or ethnic group.
"the native peoples of Canada"
Similar:
race
tribe
clan
ethnic group
strain
stock
caste
nation
country
population
populace
breed
folk
seed
verb
(of a group of people) inhabit (a place).
"an arid mountain region peopled by warring clans"
Similar:
populate
settle (in)
colonize
establish oneself in
inhabit
live in
- - -
2.
land
/land/
Learn to pronounce
See definitions in:
All
Geography
Farming
Transportation
noun
1.
the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water.
"the reptiles lay their eggs on land"
Similar:
terra firma
dry land
solid ground
coast
coastline
shore
Opposite:
sea
2.
a country or state.
"the valley is one of the most beautiful in the land"
Similar:
country
nation
state
nation state
fatherland
motherland
homeland
realm
kingdom
empire
republic
commonwealth
province
territory
district
region
area
domain
verb
1.
put (someone or something) on land from a boat.
"he landed his troops at Hastings"
2.
come down through the air and rest on the ground or another surface.
"we will shortly be landing at Gatwick"
Similar:
touch down
alight
make a landing
come in to land
come down
- - -
3.
fear
/fɪə/
Learn to pronounce
noun
an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm.
"I cowered in fear as bullets whizzed past"
Similar:
terror
fright
fearfulness
horror
alarm
panic
agitation
trepidation
dread
consternation
dismay
distress
anxiety
worry
angst
unease
uneasiness
apprehension
apprehensiveness
nervousness
nerves
timidity
disquiet
disquietude
discomposure
unrest
perturbation
foreboding
misgiving
doubt
suspicion
the creeps
the willies
the heebie-jeebies
the shakes
the collywobbles
jitteriness
twitchiness
butterflies (in the stomach)
funk
blue funk
the (screaming) abdabs
the Joe Blakes
worriment
inquietude
phobia
aversion
antipathy
bugbear
bogey
nightmare
neurosis
complex
mania
abnormal fear
irrational fear
obsessive fear
bête noire
hang-up
Opposite:
calmness
confidence
verb
be afraid of (someone or something) as likely to be dangerous, painful, or harmful.
"I hated him but didn't fear him any more"
Similar:
be afraid of
be fearful of
be scared of
be apprehensive of
dread
- - -
4.
eastern
/ˈiːst(ə)n/
Learn to pronounce
adjective
1.
situated in, directed towards, or facing the east.
"the eastern slopes of the mountain"
2.
living in or originating from the regions or countries to the east of Europe.
"an Eastern mystic"
- - -
5.
all
/ɔːl/
predeterminer · determiner · pronoun
used to refer to the whole quantity or extent of a particular group or thing.
"all the people I met"
Similar:
each of
each one of the
every one of the
every single one of the
every
each and every
every single
the whole of the
every bit of the
the complete
the entire
the totality of the
in its entirety
complete
entire
total
full
utter
perfect
all-out
greatest (possible)
maximum
everyone
everybody
each/every person
the (whole) lot
each one
each thing
the sum
the total
the whole lot
everything
every part
the whole amount
the total amount
the entirety
the sum total
the aggregate
Opposite:
no
none of the
little
none
nobody
nothing
adverb
1.
completely.
"dressed all in black"
Similar:
completely
fully
entirely
totally
wholly
absolutely
utterly
outright
thoroughly
altogether
quite
in every respect
in all respects
without reservation
without exception
Opposite:
partly
not at all
2.
(in games) used after a number to indicate an equal score.
"after extra time it was still two all"
- - -
6.
his
/hɪz/
determiner
1.
belonging to or associated with a male person or animal previously mentioned or easily identified.
"James sold his business"
2.
used in titles.
"His Excellency"
pronoun
used to refer to a thing or things belonging to or associated with a male person or animal previously mentioned.
"he took my hand in his"
- - -
7.
translate
/transˈleɪt,trɑːnsˈleɪt,tranzˈleɪt,trɑːnzˈleɪt/
Learn to pronounce
See definitions in:
All
Biology
Religion
Physics
Mathematics
verb
1.
express the sense of (words or text) in another language.
"several of his books were translated into English"
Similar:
interpret
render
gloss
put
express
convert
change
construe
transcribe
transliterate
2.
move from one place or condition to another.
"she had been translated from familiar surroundings to a foreign court"
Similar:
relocate
transfer
move
remove
shift
convey
transport
- - -
8.
desperate
/ˈdɛsp(ə)rət/
Learn to pronounce
adjective
1.
feeling or showing a hopeless sense that a situation is so bad as to be impossible to deal with.
"a desperate sadness enveloped Ruth"
Similar:
despairing
hopeless
anguished
distressed
in despair
suicidal
miserable
wretched
desolate
forlorn
disheartened
discouraged
demoralized
devastated
downcast
resigned
defeatist
pessimistic
distraught
fraught
overcome
out of one's mind
at one's wits' end
beside oneself
at the end of one's tether
dolorous
Opposite:
cheerful
composed
2.
(of a person) having a great need or desire for something.
"I am desperate for a cigarette"
Similar:
in great need of
urgently requiring
craving
in want of
lacking
wanting
- - -
9.
visit
/ˈvɪzɪt/
Learn to pronounce
Filter definitions by topic
See definitions in:
All
Computing
Biblical
verb
1.
go to see and spend time with (someone) socially.
"I came to visit my grandmother"
Similar:
pay someone a call
pay someone a visit
pay a call on
pay a visit to
go to see
come to see
look in on
stay with
spend time with
be the guest of
stop by
drop by
pay a call
pay a visit
come to stay
call on
call in on
holiday with
visit with
go see
pop in on
drop in on
blow in on
drop round to see
look up
2.
inflict (something harmful or unpleasant) on someone.
"the mockery visited upon him by his schoolmates"
Similar:
happen to
overtake
befall
come upon
fall upon
hit
strike
noun
an act of going to see a person or place as a guest, tourist, etc.
"I'll pay him a visit soon"
Similar:
social call
call
- - -
10.
grateful
/ˈɡreɪtfʊl,ˈɡreɪtf(ə)l/
Learn to pronounce
adjective
feeling or showing an appreciation for something done or received.
"I'm grateful to you for all your help"
Similar:
thankful
filled with gratitude
appreciative
indebted
obliged
obligated
under obligation
in your debt
beholden
Opposite:
ungrateful
ARCHAIC
received or experienced with gratitude; welcome.
"the grateful shade"
- - -
11.
interpreter
इन्ˈटप्रिट(र्)
Learn to pronounce
noun
a person whose job is to translate what somebody is saying immediately into another language
एक भाषा से दूसरी भाषा में मौखिक अनुवाद करने वाला व्यक्ति, मौखिक अनुवादक; भाष्यकार
- - -
12. Tibet
The term 'Tibet' refers to the political state ruled by the Dalai Lamas; it does not refer to the ethnic border areas such as Amdo and Kham
Tibet definition: an autonomous region of SW China; formerly a theocracy and the centre of Lamaism :
Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas, in the People's Republic of China. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well ...
- - -
13.
Tibetan
/tɪˈbɛt(ə)n/
Learn to pronounce
noun
1.
a native of Tibet or a person of Tibetan descent.
2.
the Sino-Tibetan language of Tibet, spoken by about 4 million people in Tibet and in neighbouring areas of China, India, and Nepal.
adjective
relating to Tibet, its people, or its language.
- - -
14.
explain
इक्ˈस्प्लेन्
Learn to pronounce
verb
1.
to make something clear or easy to understand
समझना, स्पष्ट करना
She explained how I should fill in the form.She explained how I should fill in the form.
I don’t understand this. Can you explain it to me?
2.
to give a reason for something
किसी बात का कारण बताना
The manager explained to the customers why the goods were late.The manager explained to the customers why the goods were late.
- - -
15.
alone
अˈलोन्
Learn to pronounce
adjective , adverb
1.
without any other person
अकेला; बिना किसी अन्य व्यक्ति के
The old man lives alone.The old man lives alone.
2.
only
केवल
You alone can help us.You alone can help us.
- - -
Censorship in India, Torrenting and Tribler (Aug 2021)
1: Censorship in India (Part 1)
Your requested URL has been blocked as per the directions received from Department of Telecommunications, Government of India. Please contact administrator for more information. Note: You can still open the link the Tor Browser.2: Censorship in India (Part 2)
Censorship of trackers (discovered using qBit)3: Now comes in the Tribler. What's that?
4: Getting the Magnet link for a Torrent download via qBitTorrent
5: Paste the Magnet link from qBit to Tribler
Then wait for Metadata to load.6: Trackers information in Tribler
7: Peer info in Tribler
8: Caveat: Performance Issue in Tribler
Friday, August 6, 2021
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