Index of "Algorithms: Design and Analysis"

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From Codility

Course Link: By James Cutajar

1. Binary Gap (Problem of Iterations)
   • Binary Gap (Problem of Iterations)
   • Discussion on "Binary Gap - A problem of iterations"
2. Arrays
   • 2.1: Cyclic rotation (Problem of Arrays)
   • 2.2: Odd occurrences in an array
3. Time Complexity
   • Frog Jump (Level: Easy)
   • Perm Missing Element
   • Tape Equilibrium
     Minimize the value |(A[0] + ... + A[P-1]) - (A[P] + ... + A[N-1])|
4. Counting Elements
   • Swap The Elements (A problem on counting elements)
   • Frog River One (A problem of counting elements)
   • Perm Check (A problem of counting elements)
   • Max Counters (a problem on counting elements)
   • Missing Integer: Find the smallest positive integer that does not occur in a given sequence.
5. Prefix Sums
   • Mushroom Picker (A problem on Prefix Sums)
   • Passing Cars (Count the number of passing cars on the road)
   • Div Count (Problem on Prefix Sums)
   • Genomic Range Query: Find the minimal nucleotide from a range of sequence DNA (Medium Complexity)
   • Min Avg Two Slice: Find the minimal average of any slice containing at least two elements. (Complexity: Medium)
6. Sorting
   • Count distinct elements in an array (Complexity: Easy)
   • MaxProductOfThree
     Maximize A[P] * A[Q] * A[R] for any triplet (P, Q, R).
     Complexity: Easy
   • Triangle formation from three sides (Complexity: Easy)
   • Number of disc intersections (Problem in sorting and searching)
7. Stacks and Queues
   • Brackets (A problem related to Stacks)
   • Voracious Fish (A problem on the concept of Stacks)
   • Manhattan stonewall problem on the concept of Stacks
8. Leader using Boyer-Moore Majority Vote Algo
   • Dominator (a problem on the concept of Leader in Algorithms using Boyer-Moore Majority Vote Algo)
   • EquiLeader (A problem in the concept of Leader in DSA)
9. Maximum Slice Problem (using Kadane's Algo leveraging Dynamic Programming)
   • The Original Maximum Slice Problem
10. Recursion (An Introduction)
    • Permutations of a set of alphabets using JavaScript
    • Combinations of a set of alphabets using JavaScript
    • Bubble Sort (Using Recursion)
    • Building a Tree from a BODMAS Expression
11. Substring in another string (Lesson in Algorithms)

From Hacker Earth

Track: Basic Programming > Input/Output > Basics of Input/Output

Super Easy

1. Discusson about Zoos (Super Easy Problem)
   Track: Basic Programming > Input/Output > Basics of Input/Output
2. Discussion on Split houses (Super Easy Problem)
   Track: Basic Programming > Input/Output > Basics of Input/Output

Easy

1. Discussion about Favourite Singer (Easy Problem)
2. Discussion about Maximum Border (Easy Problem)
3. Discussion on Cost of Balloons (Easy Problem)
4. Discussion on Seven-Segment Display
5. Discussion about 'Ali and Helping innocent people'
6. Discussion About 'Find Product'
7. Discussion on 'Toggle String'
8. Discussion on 'Palindromic Strings'
9. Discussion on 'Count Divisors'

From ChatGPT

Difficulty: 3/10

1. Discussion on "Remove Consecutive Duplicates" Problem
2. Discussion on "Alternating Characters Cleanup - minimum number of deletions required"

Difficulty: 4/10

1. Discussion on "Longest Nice Substring" Problem

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The $100 Trillion Question - What Happens When AI Replaces Every Job?

All Book Summaries

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is no longer a distant sci-fi fantasy; it's a rapidly approaching reality that promises to reshape our world in profound ways. As AI systems continue to surpass human capabilities in an ever-growing number of domains, the urgency to understand and prepare for AGI's impact on our economy, society, and political systems has never been greater. This blog post delves into the multifaceted implications of AGI, drawing insights from leading experts on how we can navigate this transformative era.

The Economic Earthquake of AGI

The advent of AGI, defined as AI systems that surpass human intellectual capabilities across the board, is poised to trigger an economic earthquake. While AI's impact on productivity statistics and macroeconomic variables has been modest so far, experts anticipate a massive shift in the coming years. Businesses worldwide are investing heavily in AI, integrating it into their processes, and the biggest payoffs are yet to come. However, this unprecedented economic growth comes with a critical challenge: ensuring that the benefits of AGI are broadly distributed and do not exacerbate existing inequalities.

One of the most significant economic shifts will be in labor markets. AGI, by its very definition, will be capable of performing virtually any task a human worker can. This raises a fundamental question about the future of work and income distribution. If human workers become easily substitutable by increasingly cheaper AI technology, our traditional systems of income, largely derived from labor, will become obsolete. This necessitates a radical rethinking of our economic models. Concepts like Universal Basic Income (UBI) or Universal Basic Capital (UBC) are gaining traction as potential solutions to ensure that everyone can share in the immense wealth generated by AGI, preventing the immiseration of the masses.

The Regulatory Imperative: Expertise and Global Cooperation

The rapid evolution of AI technology, with planning horizons shrinking from years to mere months, underscores the urgent need for robust regulatory frameworks. Currently, AI regulation is in its nascent stages, with much of the industry self-regulating. However, as AI systems become more powerful and capable of posing significant risks, the need for governmental expertise becomes paramount. Governments must acquire a deep understanding of frontier AI, enabling them to contribute meaningfully to regulatory debates and implement smart policies that mitigate risks without stifling progress.

Beyond national efforts, global cooperation is vital for effective AI governance. The current landscape is characterized by a

race among AI superpowers, each striving for faster progress. While current AI systems may not be inherently dangerous, as they become more advanced, it will be in the collective interest of all parties to establish common safety standards and ensure the technology does not get out of hand. Historical precedents, such as the governance of other dangerous technologies, suggest that a global framework will be essential to mitigate risks that could impact humanity as a whole.

Education in the Age of AI: Adapting to a New Reality

The accelerating pace of AI development also poses critical questions for education. While the exact timeline for AGI remains a subject of debate, one thing is clear: the ability to leverage AI systems as a force multiplier is becoming an indispensable skill. Education systems must adapt to teach students, employees, and leaders how to effectively utilize AI tools. This involves not just technical proficiency but also critical thinking, adaptability, and an understanding of AI's ethical implications. The focus should shift from rote memorization to fostering skills that complement AI capabilities, such as creativity, complex problem-solving, and emotional intelligence.

Navigating the Social and Political Landscape

The potential for AI to destabilize political systems is a significant concern. If AGI leads to massive labor market disruption, resulting in widespread job losses and economic insecurity, it could fuel social unrest and political instability. Therefore, ensuring an equitable system of income distribution under AGI is not just an economic imperative but also a crucial measure for maintaining social cohesion and political stability. The goal is to create a society where everyone can benefit from the advancements in AI, rather than a system that immiserates a large segment of the population.

Furthermore, the concentration of power in the hands of a few dominant AI players presents a challenge to fair competition. While the AI market is currently characterized by fierce competition, there's a plausible concern that as AI models become more expensive to develop and train, only a handful of entities will be able to afford to stay in the game. This raises questions about how to govern these powerful few. One strategy is to ensure that governmental institutions possess the necessary expertise to understand and regulate AI companies, making informed decisions in the competition sphere. It's also crucial to prevent reckless competition that could lead companies to cut corners and create riskier systems in their pursuit of market dominance.

The Urgency of Now: Acquiring Expertise and Fostering Dialogue

The consensus among experts is that the time to acquire expertise in AI is now. Governments, businesses, and individuals must proactively engage with the evolving AI landscape. This means fostering a deep understanding of AI's capabilities, limitations, and potential societal impacts. It also involves promoting open dialogue among stakeholders – policymakers, industry leaders, academics, and the public – to collectively shape the future of AI in a responsible and beneficial manner.

The trajectory of AI development is undeniably upwards, with capabilities that were unimaginable just a year ago now becoming commonplace. This rapid progress underscores the urgency of addressing the economic, social, and political implications of AGI. While the exact timing of AGI's arrival remains uncertain, the writing is on the wall: it's a question of when, not if. The severity of the economic, social, and political implications demands proactive engagement and thoughtful preparation.

In conclusion, the journey towards AGI is not merely a technological one; it's a societal transformation that requires careful navigation. By prioritizing equitable distribution of benefits, fostering robust regulatory frameworks, adapting our educational systems, and promoting global cooperation, we can harness the immense potential of AGI to create a future that is prosperous and stable for all. The time for action is now, as we stand at the precipice of a new era, one where human intelligence and artificial intelligence converge to redefine the very fabric of our existence.

Create a user in MySQL

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To create a new user in MySQL, follow these steps after logging into the MySQL prompt as root:

---

✅ Step-by-Step: Create a New User in MySQL

1. Login to MySQL

bash
mysql -u root -p

Enter the root password when prompted.

---

2. Create the User

sql
CREATE USER 'username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';

✅ Example:

sql
CREATE USER 'ashish'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'StrongPass@123';

---

3. Grant Permissions

You can grant full privileges on a database like this:

sql
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON your_database.* TO 'username'@'localhost';

✅ Example:

sql
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON translation_app.* TO 'ashish'@'localhost';

If the database doesn't exist yet:

sql
CREATE DATABASE translation_app;

---

4. Apply Changes

sql
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

---

✅ Verify:

sql
SELECT User, Host FROM mysql.user;

---

Let me know if you'd like to grant only read access, create the user for remote access, or anything more specific.

Tags: Technology,Database,

Install MySQL Workbench (Community Edition)

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(base) jain@jain-ThinkPad-T440s:~$ sudo apt install mysql-workbench
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package mysql-workbench

This error means mysql-workbench is not available in your default APT sources, which is common in some Ubuntu derivatives or if the required universe repository isn't enabled.

---

✅ Solution: Enable universe repository and update

Run the following commands:

bash
sudo add-apt-repository universe
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mysql-workbench

---

🛠 If you're still getting errors

It's possible your system is:

• Not Ubuntu (e.g., Linux Mint, MX Linux, or older version)

• Or the MySQL Workbench version is not supported in the official repos

In that case, you can install Workbench via .deb package from MySQL’s official site.

---

✅ Manual Install (if APT fails)

1. Download .deb package from MySQL:

Visit:
https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/workbench/

Select:

• OS: Ubuntu/Linux DEB

• Version: Match your Ubuntu version (e.g., 22.04)

2. Install downloaded .deb package:

Assuming the file is named mysql-workbench_*.deb:

bash
sudo dpkg -i mysql-workbench_*.deb
sudo apt --fix-broken install

---

Let me know your Ubuntu version:

bash
lsb_release -a

I can then give you the exact .deb download link or instructions tailored to your distro.

(base) jain@jain-ThinkPad-T440s:~/Downloads$ sudo dpkg -i mysql-workbench-community_8.0.42-1ubuntu24.04_amd64.deb 
Selecting previously unselected package mysql-workbench-community.
(Reading database ... 171412 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack mysql-workbench-community_8.0.42-1ubuntu24.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking mysql-workbench-community (8.0.42-1ubuntu24.04) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of mysql-workbench-community:
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libatkmm-1.6-1v5 (>= 2.28.4); however:
  Package libatkmm-1.6-1v5 is not installed.
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libglibmm-2.4-1t64 (>= 2.66.7); however:
  Package libglibmm-2.4-1t64 is not installed.
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libgtkmm-3.0-1t64 (>= 3.24.9); however:
  Package libgtkmm-3.0-1t64 is not installed.
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libmysqlclient21 (>= 8.0.11); however:
  Package libmysqlclient21 is not installed.
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libodbc2 (>= 2.3.1); however:
  Package libodbc2 is not installed.
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libproj25 (>= 9.4.0); however:
  Package libproj25 is not installed.
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libsigc++-2.0-0v5 (>= 2.8.0); however:
  Package libsigc++-2.0-0v5 is not installed.
 mysql-workbench-community depends on libzip4t64 (>= 0.10); however:
  Package libzip4t64 is not installed.

dpkg: error processing package mysql-workbench-community (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1.1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.27-2build1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for shared-mime-info (2.4-4) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 mysql-workbench-community

You're almost there! The error you're seeing is due to missing dependencies required by the .deb package. Fortunately, this is common and can be easily fixed using APT.

---

✅ Fix MySQL Workbench Installation

After running dpkg, follow up with this command to automatically install all the missing dependencies:

bash
sudo apt --fix-broken install

This will:

• Fetch and install all the missing packages required

• Complete the installation of MySQL Workbench

---

🧪 Then (optional): Verify installation

You can launch MySQL Workbench via:

bash
mysql-workbench

Or search for it in your application menu.

---

🛠 If --fix-broken doesn’t work

You can manually install all missing dependencies listed:

bash
sudo apt install libatkmm-1.6-1v5 libglibmm-2.4-1t64 libgtkmm-3.0-1t64 libmysqlclient21 libodbc2 libproj25 libsigc++-2.0-0v5 libzip4t64

Then re-run the .deb installer:

bash
sudo dpkg -i mysql-workbench-community_8.0.42-1ubuntu24.04_amd64.deb

---

Let me know if you'd prefer a lightweight MySQL GUI alternative (e.g., DBeaver, Beekeeper, or HeidiSQL via Wine).

Above debugging fixed my issues:

I ran the below three commands:

sudo dpkg -i mysql-workbench-community_8.0.42-1ubuntu24.04_amd64.deb 
sudo apt install libatkmm-1.6-1v5 libglibmm-2.4-1t64 libgtkmm-3.0-1t64 libmysqlclient21 libodbc2 libproj25 libsigc++-2.0-0v5 libzip4t64
sudo apt --fix-broken install

Tags: Technology,Database,

Install MySQL on Ubuntu using terminal (Jun 2025)

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Here’s how to install MySQL on Ubuntu using the terminal — works for Ubuntu 20.04, 22.04, and newer.

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✅ Step-by-Step: Install MySQL on Ubuntu

1. Update package index

bash
sudo apt update

2. Install MySQL Server

bash
sudo apt install mysql-server -y

3. Start MySQL Service

bash
sudo systemctl start mysql

4. Enable MySQL to start on boot

bash
sudo systemctl enable mysql

5. Secure the installation (optional but recommended)

bash
sudo mysql_secure_installation

• Set a root password

• Remove anonymous users

• Disallow remote root login

• Remove test database

• Reload privilege tables

6. Verify MySQL is Running

bash
sudo systemctl status mysql

7. Log in to MySQL

bash
sudo mysql -u root -p

---

📦 Optional: Install MySQL Workbench (GUI)

bash
sudo apt install mysql-workbench

---

Let me know if you want to:

• Create a new database and user

• Connect MySQL with Python (using mysql-connector-python)

• Allow remote connections or configure firewall settings

I'm here to help.

Tags: Technology,Database,