Showing posts with label Artificial Intelligence. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Artificial Intelligence. Show all posts

Thursday, July 3, 2025

The AI Revolution - Are You an Early Adopter, Follower, or Naysayer?

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In May 2025, Microsoft laid off 7,000 employees, which was 3% of their total workforce. However, immediately after, they made an announcement that shook the corporate world: they are going to spend $80 billion this year on AI infrastructure. Not over the next 5 or 8 years, but $80 billion within 12 months on AI data centers. This news should be very important for all of us, because this is a sign of the changes that are coming in the next 5-10 years.

In this video, we will talk about perhaps the biggest transformation of our generation: Generative AI and Machine Learning. 

## What's Happening Around Generative AI and Why It's So Important

Research is throwing up a lot of statistics. Recently, I was reading a research report which said that AI could potentially remove 300 million jobs across the world, which is around 9-10% of the total jobs that are currently available. Because of this, many people are scared that jobs will be lost and AI will take our jobs. However, the same fear was present when computers arrived, when smartphones arrived, when industrialization happened, and when the internet arrived. The same fear is being felt today. But I, being a technologist and an optimist, believe that this absolute event in global history is also perhaps the biggest opportunity for all of us.

The World Economic Forum predicts that between 2023 and 2027, there will be a 40% increase in demand for AI and Machine Learning jobs. In fact, since 2019, when it felt like we didn't even know about AI, AI-related jobs have been increasing by an average of 21% annually, faster than most other jobs out there in the world.

However, whenever there is such rapid movement, demand is very high, and supply is limited. I still remember when I was in school and college, ITES (IT Enabled Services) was blowing up. All our college students were in some call center or undergoing some training, and the demand was through the roof. You could walk into any call center interview, and your job was guaranteed, with amazing perks and a good lifestyle. You would get accent training for foreign languages, pick-up services, work in very good offices, and working hours were conducive, allowing you to study and work. It was a completely different era for 5 to 10 years. Then IT services came, and the same thing happened: people started going onsite to the US, UK, and Australia, earning in dollars and spending in rupees. It was a complete transformation.

The same thing I can see happening in AI as well. The demand for jobs is so rapid that the supply cannot keep up. In fact, in the US alone, it's expected that AI jobs will reach 1.3 million opportunities, but skilled labor is only around 640,000, nearly half of the demand that is actually required. For India, I tried to find the same report and saw one that said by 2027, there will be a shortfall of 1 million jobs. This means there will be a requirement for 1 million AI jobs, but there won't be enough people if we don't start investing in skilling people right now. Microsoft's announcement is in that direction itself.

Rat Smith, a senior leader at Microsoft, mentioned in an interview that AI is like the electricity of our generation or our age. Just like in 1900, electricity transformed everything, leading to industrialization, the light bulb, and people working longer hours, it changed the way we interacted with machines, and our jobs also changed accordingly. The same thing is going to happen with AI, where AI is ready to do so much day-to-day work, administrative work, and run-of-the-mill tasks, so that we can elevate our work and be far more useful in what we do, as against wasting time doing things that a machine or an LLM can do today.

## The Three Types of Reactions to Technological Shifts

While researching for this video, I thought about technological shifts. In my time, I have seen two of them: one, which I will definitely say is the computer itself, because I was born in 1980, so I saw the computer revolution, at least to the point where we saw the internet become such a force and an enabler. And the second, I do believe, is the smartphone revolution in 2008-2009, when the iPhone was released, which also changed the industry so massively. So I have seen these two waves, and I see that AI is going to be perhaps the third wave, at least in my life.

Whenever such a wave comes, there are three types of reactions and three types of people:

1.  **Early Adopters:** These are the people who don't resist this change; they embrace it. They see that it's impossible for people not to use this, and it would be foolish to say that every person won't be using this tomorrow. It's almost like if I had said in 2005 that there would be a phone with which we could use the internet, and because of that, every person would have a computer in their pocket, and if you move in that direction, you will make brilliant careers, people would have laughed at me and said, 'What nonsense are you talking about? Nothing is going to happen. Let's just stay on our desktops, and we are happy there.' You would have missed the wave. But there were people who were like, 'We know what's happening. We can see what's happening in the US. The world is so connected now that news from there reaches here instantly. We can see what companies there are investing in.' I am telling you that Microsoft is going to spend $80 billion, and it's just one company, and it will be spent in just one year. So imagine how important AI will be for the entire technology world. So clearly, there is a direction.

Then I was looking at this data: how long did it take these platforms to reach 100 million users? Netflix took 18 years, Spotify took 11 years, Twitter took 5 years, Facebook took 4.5 years, Instagram took 2.5 years, YouTube reached 100 million users within 1.5 years, TikTok reached it within 9 months, and ChatGPT had 100 million users within two months. Its average user base as of April 2025 is around 800 million, nearly 1 billion people. This means one out of seven people is using ChatGPT, a software that can replace the work of so many people and, of course, make work easier. This is the power, and you cannot deny it. So early adopters see these things.

2.  **Followers:** What do followers do? They look at early adopters and say, 'These people are going there; let's go there too, because something is happening there.' I will give an example from my own life: I joined ISB when ISB was 5 years old, so I would call myself an early adopter. Today, someone who follows ISB after 20 years is a follower because they see that many people have gone to ISB, it's a very good school, and you get good money, etc., so they should go. So these are people who follow. It's not that they will not win, but it's possible that their outcome will be slightly less than that of the early adopters.

3.  **Naysayers:** These are the people who don't believe that anything like this is going to happen. Even today, I meet people who say, 'AI will not replace humans. Take it in writing, my friend, within 50 years, you will see fewer humans and more AI. Our world will be around AI, and that will not be a scary or a bad world to be in. It will actually be, in my opinion, a more efficient world to live in, so that we have time for all the things that we, as humans, should have time for.'

## The Call to Action: Become an Early Adopter

Why am I telling you all this? I am telling you this because I want you to become an early adopter. Being an early adopter doesn't mean that if you didn't use AI in 2021, 2022, or 2023, you are left behind. Now, it means that if you don't embrace this fully in the next 5 years, you are now going to either be a follower or a naysayer, the third category who will definitely be fired or laid off.

To become an early adopter, what do you need to do? You essentially have to get skilled. Skilling is the most important thing. Of course, you can learn on your own, stumble, make mistakes, and achieve all this, but the truth is that this field is changing so rapidly and dynamically that getting professional help as soon as possible will be a better way to skill yourself. And that's why SimplyLearn offers the Professional Certificate Program in Generative AI or Generative AI and Machine Learning. The good thing is that this curriculum is actually designed by the E&ICT Academy of IIT Guwahati, so it comes from a very elite perspective and a certification that holds weight.

It's an 11-month program, live, online, and interactive, so it's not self-paced where you learn on your own. And if you really see, which is where I spent time, what the learning path is, what things are covered, it actually covers everything that one needs to know about Generative AI and Machine Learning right now. I am talking about this program because SimplyLearn sponsored this video, but of course, the key is for you to recognize which course will be best for you when you want to step ahead and make the investment in your skilling around Generative AI and Machine Learning. In my experience and research, I found this course to be quite complete in what it covers, and of course, the backing it has from IIT Guwahati and the fact that it also comes from a recognized platform.

I would encourage you to check out the course, see if it fits both your requirements, your aptitude, your budget, and then make a call. You will get certificates from both IIT Guwahati and IBM, who have also partnered for this course. So, the industry certification by IBM, there are also masterclasses by experts, and AMA sessions and hackathons so that whatever you learn, you can actually apply.

## The Market Potential and a Personal Anecdote

The market size of Generative AI in 2022 was about $40 billion. In the next 10 years, it is expected to reach $1.3 trillion. That's an annual growth rate of 42%. If any investment is giving you a 42% annual growth rate, take it with your eyes closed. And in my head, this is the investment to make. If we talk about India, it is said that by 2025-2026, AI will have a positive impact of $100 billion on India's GDP.

I joined Twitter in 2007. But at that time, I didn't take it seriously; it seemed like a very complicated platform. Who uses it? What kind of people are there? What do they talk about? etc. But in 2009-2010, there was a discussion on Twitter about something that people, especially in the tech world, especially in Silicon Valley, became very interested in. And I remember hearing about Bitcoin for the first time around that time. I thought it was nonsense. Now, did I have ₹10,000-₹20,000 to invest in Bitcoin at that point in time? Yes, but I didn't. Why? Because it was a technological shift where I was not an early adopter. In fact, I would argue I was a late follower because I bought my first Bitcoin around 2014-2015, and I actually became serious around 2019-2020. Yes, I am not a naysayer, but the point I am trying to make is, if I had invested ₹10,000 in Bitcoin in 2010 after seeing and reading everything on Twitter as an early follower, do you know what its value would be today? ₹2,370 crore. And even if I had lost that ₹10,000, I would not be poor today. That's the way you have to think about Generative AI and Machine Learning today.

If you learn this, invest your time in it, and diligently try to improve your skills, you may have a completely different outcome in the next 5 to 10 years from what you can get today. But if, God forbid, for whatever reason, this whole Generative AI and Machine Learning hype doesn't pan out, you will still end up good. You won't lose anything; you won't be poor; you won't be lost in your life, because that's the power of being an early adopter. When you make a move, you end up learning something new that will set you off for life. The question is, how high will you go? You won't go down. So I will encourage you to take that leap forward, invest in learning about AI professionally from a skilled place, from a certified place, from a place of repute. And because this video is sponsored by SimplyLearn, I have presented you with one course option which you can evaluate, and I think it might suit your requirements very well.
Tags: Agentic AI,Artificial Intelligence,Generative AI,Large Language Models,Technology,Interview Preparation,

Sunday, June 29, 2025

30 Interview Questions on AI Engineering (from the chapter "Introduction to Building AI Applications with Foundation Models")

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Generate 30 questions (10 easy, 10 medium, 10 complex) along with answers from this PDF

Here are 30 questions (10 Easy, 10 Medium, 10 Complex) based on the provided PDF content, along with their answers and page references:


Easy Questions

  1. What term describes AI models like GPT-4 and Gemini?

    • Answer: Foundation Models.

    • Page: 9

  2. What enables language models to scale into LLMs?

    • Answer: Self-supervision.

    • Page: 6

  3. What are the two main types of language models?

    • Answer: Masked language models and autoregressive language models.

    • Page: 4

  4. What is the basic unit of a language model?

    • Answer: Token.

    • Page: 3

  5. Name one common AI engineering technique for adapting models.

    • Answer: Prompt engineering, RAG, or finetuning.

    • Page: 11

  6. What is the most popular AI use case according to surveys?

    • Answer: Coding.

    • Page: 20

  7. What does "human-in-the-loop" mean?

    • Answer: Involving humans in AI decision-making processes.

    • Page: 31

  8. What metric measures the time to generate the first token?

    • Answer: TTFT (Time to First Token).

    • Page: 33

  9. Which company launched the code-completion tool GitHub Copilot?

    • Answer: GitHub (owned by Microsoft).

    • Page: 20

  10. What does LMM stand for?

    • Answer: Large Multimodal Model.

    • Page: 9


Medium Questions

  1. Why do language models use tokens instead of words or characters?

    • Answer: Tokens reduce vocabulary size, handle unknown words, and capture meaningful components (e.g., "cook" + "ing").

    • Page: 4

  2. How does self-supervision overcome data labeling bottlenecks?

    • Answer: It infers labels from input data (e.g., predicting next tokens in text), eliminating manual labeling costs.

    • Page: 6–7

  3. What distinguishes foundation models from traditional task-specific models?

    • Answer: Foundation models are general-purpose, multimodal, and adaptable to diverse tasks.

    • Page: 10

  4. What are the three factors enabling AI engineering's growth?

    • Answer: General-purpose AI capabilities, increased AI investments, and low entry barriers.

    • Page: 12–14

  5. How did the MIT study (2023) show ChatGPT impacted writing tasks?

    • Answer: Reduced time by 40%, increased output quality by 18%, and narrowed skill gaps between workers.

    • Page: 23

  6. What is the "Crawl-Walk-Run" framework for AI automation?

    • Answer:

      • Crawl: Human involvement mandatory.

      • Walk: AI interacts with internal employees.

      • Run: AI interacts directly with external users.

    • Page: 31

  7. Why are internal-facing AI applications (e.g., knowledge management) deployed faster than external-facing ones?

    • Answer: Lower risks (data privacy, compliance, failures) while building expertise.

    • Page: 19

  8. What challenge does AI's open-ended output pose for evaluation?

    • Answer: Lack of predefined ground truths makes measuring correctness difficult (e.g., for chatbots).

    • Page: 44

  9. How did prompt engineering affect Gemini's MMLU benchmark performance?

    • Answer: Using CoT@32 (32 examples) instead of 5-shot boosted Gemini Ultra from 83.7% to 90.04%.

    • Page: 45

  10. What are the three competitive advantages in AI startups?

    • Answer: Technology, data, and distribution.

    • Page: 32


Complex Questions

  1. Why do larger models require more training data?

    • Answer: Larger models have higher capacity to learn; more data maximizes performance (not efficiency).

    • Page: 8

  2. Explain how AI engineering workflows differ from traditional ML engineering.

    • Answer:

      • ML Engineering: Data → Model → Product.

      • AI Engineering: Product → Data → Model (due to pre-trained models enabling rapid iteration).

    • Page: 47 (Figure 1-16)

  3. What ethical concern arises from AI-generated SEO content farms?

    • Answer: Proliferation of low-quality, automated content risks degrading trust in online information.

    • Page: 24

  4. How did Goldman Sachs Research quantify AI investment growth by 2025?

    • Answer: $100B in the US and $200B globally.

    • Page: 13

  5. What inference optimization challenges exist for autoregressive models?

    • Answer: Sequential token generation causes high latency (e.g., 100 tokens take ~1 second at 10ms/token).

    • Page: 43

  6. Why might GPU vendor restrictions pose a "fatal" risk for AI products?

    • Answer: Bans on GPU sales (e.g., due to regulations) can cripple compute-dependent applications overnight.

    • Page: 35

  7. How does the "data flywheel" create a competitive moat for AI startups?

    • Answer: Early market entry gathers usage data → insights improve products → attracts more users → reinforces data advantage.

    • Page: 32 (Footnote 21)

  8. Contrast pre-training, finetuning, and post-training.

    • Answer:

      • Pre-training: Training from scratch (random weights).

      • Finetuning: Adapting a pre-trained model (application-level).

      • Post-training: Further training by model developers (e.g., instruction-tuning).

    • Page: 41–42

  9. What are the three layers of the AI engineering stack?

    • Answer:

      1. Application development (prompts, interfaces).

      2. Model development (training, datasets, optimization).

      3. Infrastructure (serving, compute, monitoring).

    • Page: 37

  10. How did the 2023 Eloundou et al. study measure "AI exposure" in occupations?

    • Answer: % of tasks where AI reduces completion time by ≥50%. Fully exposed jobs included mathematicians, tax preparers, and web designers.

    • Page: 17


These questions and answers comprehensively cover key concepts, use cases, and technical nuances from Chapter 1 of the provided text.

Questions generated using DeepSeek Tags: Agentic AI,Interview Preparation,Generative AI,Artificial Intelligence,Large Language Models,

Friday, June 13, 2025

The $100 Trillion Question - What Happens When AI Replaces Every Job?


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Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is no longer a distant sci-fi fantasy; it's a rapidly approaching reality that promises to reshape our world in profound ways. As AI systems continue to surpass human capabilities in an ever-growing number of domains, the urgency to understand and prepare for AGI's impact on our economy, society, and political systems has never been greater. This blog post delves into the multifaceted implications of AGI, drawing insights from leading experts on how we can navigate this transformative era.

The Economic Earthquake of AGI

The advent of AGI, defined as AI systems that surpass human intellectual capabilities across the board, is poised to trigger an economic earthquake. While AI's impact on productivity statistics and macroeconomic variables has been modest so far, experts anticipate a massive shift in the coming years. Businesses worldwide are investing heavily in AI, integrating it into their processes, and the biggest payoffs are yet to come. However, this unprecedented economic growth comes with a critical challenge: ensuring that the benefits of AGI are broadly distributed and do not exacerbate existing inequalities.

One of the most significant economic shifts will be in labor markets. AGI, by its very definition, will be capable of performing virtually any task a human worker can. This raises a fundamental question about the future of work and income distribution. If human workers become easily substitutable by increasingly cheaper AI technology, our traditional systems of income, largely derived from labor, will become obsolete. This necessitates a radical rethinking of our economic models. Concepts like Universal Basic Income (UBI) or Universal Basic Capital (UBC) are gaining traction as potential solutions to ensure that everyone can share in the immense wealth generated by AGI, preventing the immiseration of the masses.

The Regulatory Imperative: Expertise and Global Cooperation

The rapid evolution of AI technology, with planning horizons shrinking from years to mere months, underscores the urgent need for robust regulatory frameworks. Currently, AI regulation is in its nascent stages, with much of the industry self-regulating. However, as AI systems become more powerful and capable of posing significant risks, the need for governmental expertise becomes paramount. Governments must acquire a deep understanding of frontier AI, enabling them to contribute meaningfully to regulatory debates and implement smart policies that mitigate risks without stifling progress.

Beyond national efforts, global cooperation is vital for effective AI governance. The current landscape is characterized by a
race among AI superpowers, each striving for faster progress. While current AI systems may not be inherently dangerous, as they become more advanced, it will be in the collective interest of all parties to establish common safety standards and ensure the technology does not get out of hand. Historical precedents, such as the governance of other dangerous technologies, suggest that a global framework will be essential to mitigate risks that could impact humanity as a whole.

Education in the Age of AI: Adapting to a New Reality

The accelerating pace of AI development also poses critical questions for education. While the exact timeline for AGI remains a subject of debate, one thing is clear: the ability to leverage AI systems as a force multiplier is becoming an indispensable skill. Education systems must adapt to teach students, employees, and leaders how to effectively utilize AI tools. This involves not just technical proficiency but also critical thinking, adaptability, and an understanding of AI's ethical implications. The focus should shift from rote memorization to fostering skills that complement AI capabilities, such as creativity, complex problem-solving, and emotional intelligence.

Navigating the Social and Political Landscape


The potential for AI to destabilize political systems is a significant concern. If AGI leads to massive labor market disruption, resulting in widespread job losses and economic insecurity, it could fuel social unrest and political instability. Therefore, ensuring an equitable system of income distribution under AGI is not just an economic imperative but also a crucial measure for maintaining social cohesion and political stability. The goal is to create a society where everyone can benefit from the advancements in AI, rather than a system that immiserates a large segment of the population.

Furthermore, the concentration of power in the hands of a few dominant AI players presents a challenge to fair competition. While the AI market is currently characterized by fierce competition, there's a plausible concern that as AI models become more expensive to develop and train, only a handful of entities will be able to afford to stay in the game. This raises questions about how to govern these powerful few. One strategy is to ensure that governmental institutions possess the necessary expertise to understand and regulate AI companies, making informed decisions in the competition sphere. It's also crucial to prevent reckless competition that could lead companies to cut corners and create riskier systems in their pursuit of market dominance.

The Urgency of Now: Acquiring Expertise and Fostering Dialogue

The consensus among experts is that the time to acquire expertise in AI is now. Governments, businesses, and individuals must proactively engage with the evolving AI landscape. This means fostering a deep understanding of AI's capabilities, limitations, and potential societal impacts. It also involves promoting open dialogue among stakeholders – policymakers, industry leaders, academics, and the public – to collectively shape the future of AI in a responsible and beneficial manner.

The trajectory of AI development is undeniably upwards, with capabilities that were unimaginable just a year ago now becoming commonplace. This rapid progress underscores the urgency of addressing the economic, social, and political implications of AGI. While the exact timing of AGI's arrival remains uncertain, the writing is on the wall: it's a question of when, not if. The severity of the economic, social, and political implications demands proactive engagement and thoughtful preparation.

In conclusion, the journey towards AGI is not merely a technological one; it's a societal transformation that requires careful navigation. By prioritizing equitable distribution of benefits, fostering robust regulatory frameworks, adapting our educational systems, and promoting global cooperation, we can harness the immense potential of AGI to create a future that is prosperous and stable for all. The time for action is now, as we stand at the precipice of a new era, one where human intelligence and artificial intelligence converge to redefine the very fabric of our existence.
Tags: Technology,Artificial Intelligence,Video,

Sunday, May 18, 2025

AI Revolution Is Underhyped (Eric Schmidt at TED)

To See All Articles About Technology: Index of Lessons in Technology

AI’s Quantum Leap: Eric Schmidt on the Future of Intelligence, Global Tensions, and Humanity’s Role

The AlphaGo Moment: When AI Rewrote 2,500 Years of Strategy

In 2016, an AI named AlphaGo made history. In a game of Go—a 2,500-year-old strategy game revered for its complexity—it executed a move no human had ever conceived. "The system was designed to always maintain a >50% chance of winning," explains Eric Schmidt, former Google CEO. "It invented something new." This moment, he argues, marked the quiet dawn of the AI revolution. While the public fixated on ChatGPT’s rise a decade later, insiders saw the seeds of transformation in AlphaGo’s ingenuity.

For Schmidt, this wasn’t just about games. It signaled AI’s potential to rethink problems humans believed they’d mastered. "How could a machine devise strategies billions of humans never imagined?" he asks. The answer lies in reinforcement learning—a paradigm where AI learns through trial, error, and reward. Today, systems like OpenAI’s "3o" or DeepSeek’s "R1" use this to simulate planning cycles, iterating solutions faster than any team of engineers. Schmidt himself uses AI to navigate complex fields like rocketry, generating deep technical papers in minutes. "The compute power behind 15 minutes of these systems is extraordinary," he notes.


AI’s Underhyped Frontier: From Language to Strategy

While ChatGPT dazzles with verbal fluency, Schmidt insists AI’s true potential lies beyond language. "We’re shifting from language models to strategic agents," he says. Imagine AI "agents" automating entire business processes—finance, logistics, R&D—communicating in plain English. "They’ll concatenate tasks, learn while planning, and optimize outcomes in real time," he explains.

But this requires staggering computational power. Training these systems demands energy equivalent to "90 nuclear plants" in the U.S. alone—a hurdle Schmidt calls "a major national crisis." With global rivals like China and the UAE racing to build 10-gigawatt data centers, the energy bottleneck threatens to throttle progress. Meanwhile, AI’s hunger for data has outpaced the public internet. "We’ve run out of tokens," Schmidt admits. "Now we must generate synthetic data—and fast."


The US-China AI Race: A New Cold War?

Geopolitics looms large. Schmidt warns of a "defining battle" between the U.S. and China over AI supremacy. While the U.S. prioritizes closed, secure models, China leans into open-source frameworks like DeepSeek—efficient systems accessible to all. "China’s open-source approach could democratize AI… or weaponize it," Schmidt cautions.

The stakes? Mutual assured disruption. If one nation pulls ahead in developing superintelligent AI, rivals may resort to sabotage. "Imagine hacking data centers or even bombing them," Schmidt says grimly. Drawing parallels to nuclear deterrence, he highlights the lack of diplomatic frameworks to manage AI-driven conflicts. "We’re replaying 1914," he warns, referencing Kissinger’s fear of accidental war. "We need rules before it’s too late."


Ethical Dilemmas: Safety vs. Surveillance

AI’s dual-use nature—beneficial yet dangerous—forces hard choices. Preventing misuse (e.g., bioweapons, cyberattacks) risks creating a surveillance state. Schmidt advocates for cryptographic "proof of personhood" without sacrificing privacy: "Zero-knowledge proofs can verify humanity without exposing identities."

He also stresses maintaining "meaningful human control," citing the U.S. military’s doctrine. Yet he critiques heavy-handed regulation: "Stopping AI development in a competitive global market is naive. Instead, build guardrails."


AI’s Brightest Promises: Curing Disease, Unlocking Physics, and Educating Billions

Despite risks, Schmidt radiates optimism. AI could eradicate diseases by accelerating drug discovery: "One nonprofit aims to map all ‘druggable’ human targets in two years." Another startup claims to slash clinical trial costs tenfold.

In education, AI tutors could personalize learning for every child, in every language. In science, it might crack mysteries like dark matter or revolutionize material science. "Why don’t we have these tools yet?" Schmidt challenges. "The tech exists—we lack economic will."


Humans in an AI World: Lawyers, Politicians, and Productivity Paradoxes

If AI masters "economically productive tasks," what’s left for humans? "We won’t sip piña coladas," Schmidt laughs. Instead, he envisions a productivity boom—30% annual growth—driven by AI augmenting workers. Lawyers will craft "smarter lawsuits," politicians wield "slicker propaganda," and societies support aging populations via AI-driven efficiency.

Yet he dismisses universal basic income as a panacea: "Humans crave purpose. AI won’t eliminate jobs—it’ll redefine them."


Schmidt’s Advice: Ride the Wave

To navigate this "insane moment," Schmidt offers two mandates:

  1. Adopt AI or Become Irrelevant: "If you’re not using AI, your competitors are."

  2. Think Marathon, Not Sprint: "Progress is exponential. What’s impossible today will be mundane tomorrow."

He cites Anthropic’s AI models interfacing directly with databases—no middleware needed—as proof of rapid disruption. "This isn’t sci-fi. It’s happening now."


Conclusion: The Most Important Century

Schmidt calls AI "the most significant shift in 500 years—maybe 1,000." Its promise—curing disease, democratizing education—is matched only by its perils: geopolitical strife, existential risk. "Don’t screw it up," he urges. For Schmidt, the path forward hinges on ethical vigilance, global cooperation, and relentless innovation. "Ride the wave daily. This isn’t a spectator sport—it’s our future."


Tags: Technology,Artificial Intelligence,Agentic AI,Generative AI,

Wednesday, April 23, 2025

Artificial Intelligence - Past, Present, Future: Prof. W. Eric Grimson (MIT)

To See All Articles About Technology: Index of Lessons in Technology


"AI at MIT: Pioneering the Future While Navigating Ethical Frontiers"

By Eric Grimson, MIT Chancellor for Academic Advancement

Artificial intelligence is not a distant sci-fi concept—it’s a transformative tool reshaping industries, healthcare, education, and governance. At MIT, we’ve witnessed AI’s evolution from its symbolic logic roots in the 1950s to today’s deep learning revolution. Here’s how MIT is leading the charge—and what businesses, policymakers, and society must consider to harness AI responsibly.


From Dartmouth to Deep Learning: A Brief History of AI

The 1956 Dartmouth Workshop birthed modern AI, with MIT faculty like Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy laying its foundation. Early AI relied on brute-force search, but limitations led to two “AI winters.” Today’s resurgence is fueled by three pillars:

  1. Deep Learning: Mimicking neural networks, now with billions of parameters.

  2. Data Explosion: Training models require vast, diverse datasets—a double-edged sword for bias and access.

  3. Computing Power: GPUs and specialized chips enable breakthroughs but raise sustainability concerns.

“AI isn’t a being—it’s a power tool,” says Grimson. “Use it wisely, or risk getting hurt.”


MIT’s AI Playbook: Innovation with Purpose

MIT embeds AI across disciplines, hiring faculty who bridge tech and ethics, economics, and even philosophy. Key initiatives include:

  • Drug Discovery: A neural network named “Halicin” (a nod to 2001: A Space Odyssey) identified a new antibiotic effective against 24/25 superbugs.

  • Healthcare: AI detects breast cancer five years earlier than radiologists.

  • Urban Planning: Wireless signals analyze gait and sleep patterns to predict Parkinson’s.

  • Climate Solutions: AI designs low-emission concrete and accelerates carbon capture tech.

“Every MIT department now uses AI,” says Grimson. “From philosophy to physics, it’s the third pillar of modern science.”


The Double-Edged Sword: Challenges & Ethical Guardrails

While AI’s potential is vast, its risks demand vigilance:

  • Bias Amplification: Systems trained on skewed data perpetuate inequalities.

  • Deepfakes: Tools like MIT’s True Media combat political disinformation, but detection remains a coin toss for humans.

  • Autonomous Weapons: Grimson warns, “Let AI inform decisions, but never let machines decide to kill.”

Business Takeaway:

  • Trust, but Verify: A study found managers using GPT-4 without guidance performed 13% worse on complex tasks.

  • Label AI Outputs: Transparency is non-negotiable. If a voice isn’t human, disclose it.


The Road Ahead: AI’s Next Frontier

Grimson’s predictions for AI’s future:

  1. Augmented Creativity: Writers and artists will partner with AI, but “the human touch is irreplaceable.”

  2. Job Evolution: AI won’t replace workers—it will redefine roles. MIT economists urge upskilling, not fear.

  3. Global Equity: AI could democratize education and healthcare but risks widening gaps if access isn’t prioritized.

“AI won’t make us less human,” says Grimson. “It’ll amplify our ability to solve humanity’s grand challenges—if we steer it ethically.”


MIT’s Call to Action

To businesses and governments:

  1. Invest in Interdisciplinary Teams: Blend tech experts with ethicists and domain specialists.

  2. Demand Transparency: Audit AI systems for bias and environmental impact.

  3. Prepare for Disruption: Autonomous vehicles and AI-driven logistics are imminent. Adapt or stagnate.

For MIT, the goal is clear: Build AI that serves all, not just the few. As Grimson quips, “Our students aren’t just coding—they’re learning to ask, ‘Should we?’”


Final Thought:
AI’s greatest promise lies not in replacing humanity but in amplifying our potential. The question isn’t if AI will transform the world—it’s how we’ll shape its impact.

Eric Grimson is MIT’s Chancellor for Academic Advancement and Bernard M. Gordon Professor of Medical Engineering. Explore MIT’s AI initiatives at MIT Schwarzman College of Computing.

The AI revolution: Myths, risks, and opportunities (Harvard Business School)

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By Oren Etzioni, as told to Harvard Business School’s Biggs

Artificial intelligence has long been shrouded in Hollywood hype—think sentient robots and apocalyptic showdowns. But as Oren Etzioni, a trailblazer in AI for over 40 years and founder of the nonprofit True Media, argues: AI isn’t a monster—it’s a power tool. Here’s a deep dive into the truths, risks, and opportunities shaping our AI-powered future.


Myth-Busting 101: AI Isn’t Skynet (Yet)

Let’s start with the elephant in the room: No, AI isn’t plotting world domination. “It’s not a being; it’s a tool,” says Etzioni, who helped shape AI research as CEO of the Allen Institute for AI. The real danger? Complacency. “You won’t be replaced by AI—you’ll be replaced by someone using AI better than you.”

But while AI won’t Terminate us, it’s far from perfect. Etzioni rates today’s AI at a “7.5/10” in capability. Its “jagged frontier” means it can ace a nuanced query one moment and flounder the next. Translation: Use AI, but verify everything.


The Double-Edged Sword: Creativity, Bias, and Guardrails

AI’s potential spans from boosting creativity to tackling climate change. Writers and artists already use it to amplify their work, while scientists leverage it to innovate carbon sequestration. But bias? “AI is biased,” warns Etzioni. “It amplifies the data it’s trained on.” The fix? Diverse prompts and vigilant oversight.

Key safeguards include:

  • An “impregnable off switch” for AI systems.

  • Transparency efforts, even if neural networks remain inscrutable.

  • Guardrails against worst-case scenarios, like bioweapon development.


Deepfakes, Disinformation, and the Fight for Truth

In 2024, Etzioni launched True Media to combat political deepfakes. The stakes? Astronomical. “People detect fakes no better than a coin toss,” he notes. Recent elections saw AI-generated Pentagon bombing images sway markets and Russian disinformation campaigns destabilize nations.

Corporate responsibility is critical. While Big Tech can tackle single viral fakes, they’re unprepared for coordinated attacks. Etzioni advocates for open-source tools and unified regulations to level the playing field.


Jobs, Warfare, and Liability: Navigating AI’s Ethical Quagmire

Will AI replace jobs? Short-term, it automates tasks; long-term, rote roles may vanish. But Etzioni is bullish on AI’s role in education, particularly for marginalized communities.

The darker side? AI-powered warfare. Autonomous weapons—drones that decide to kill without human oversight—terrify Etzioni. “A human must make moral decisions,” he insists. Similarly, liability for AI failures (e.g., self-driving car crashes) must fall on people or corporations, not algorithms.


Corporate Leadership: CEOs Must Steer the Ship

For businesses, AI is a CEO-level priority. “This isn’t about delegation—it’s about reinvention,” says Etzioni. Leaders must:

  • Educate themselves (hands-on practice with tools like ChatGPT).

  • Invest in cybersecurity to counter AI-driven threats.

  • Push for smart regulation, not knee-jerk rules that stifle innovation.

Yet inertia reigns. Many corporations lag in AI adoption, hindered by complexity and risk aversion.


The Bright Side: AI as Humanity’s Ally

Despite risks, Etzioni remains hopeful. AI could slash the 40,000 annual U.S. highway deaths and reduce medical errors—a leading cause of mortality. “AI isn’t about replacing us,” he says. “It’s about augmenting us.”


Final Thought: What Makes Us Human Endures

“AI changes the context, not our humanity,” Etzioni reflects. Whether farming or coding, we’ll still “live, love, and hate” in a world shaped by AI. The challenge? Wielding this tool wisely—without forgetting the values that define us.


Your Move: How will you harness AI’s power—responsibly? Dive in, stay skeptical, and remember: The future isn’t about machines outsmarting us. It’s about humans outthinking yesterday.

Oren Etzioni is the founder of True Media and a leading voice in AI ethics. Follow his work at truemedia.org.

Tags: Technology,Artificial Intelligence,Agentic AI,

Generative vs Agentic AI - Shaping the Future of AI Collaboration

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Here are conceptual questions based on the video, focusing on understanding and comparison of Generative AI and Agentic AI, their functionalities, and their potential real-world applications:


1. What is the fundamental difference between Generative AI and Agentic AI?

Answer:
Generative AI is reactive and generates content based on user prompts, while Agentic AI is proactive and uses prompts to pursue goals through a series of autonomous actions.


2. Why is Generative AI described as a "sophisticated pattern matching machine"?

Answer:
Because it learns statistical relationships (patterns) in data during training and uses those patterns to generate appropriate outputs based on prompts.


3. What is the main limitation of Generative AI mentioned in the video?

Answer:
It does not take further steps beyond generation unless explicitly prompted again by a human—it lacks autonomy.


4. What is meant by the term "agentic life cycle" in Agentic AI?

Answer:
It refers to the loop of perceiving the environment, deciding on an action, executing it, learning from the outcome, and repeating the process.


5. How do LLMs contribute to both Generative and Agentic AI systems?

Answer:
LLMs serve as the backbone for both systems, providing content generation capabilities for Generative AI and reasoning abilities (like chain-of-thought) for Agentic AI.


6. What is "chain-of-thought reasoning" and why is it important in Agentic AI?

Answer:
It’s a method where the AI breaks down complex tasks into smaller logical steps—essentially enabling agents to reason through problems similarly to humans.


7. In the video, what real-world example is used to demonstrate a generative AI use case?

Answer:
Helping write a fan fiction novel, reviewing scripts for YouTube, suggesting thumbnail concepts, and generating background music.


8. What example illustrates the capabilities of Agentic AI in the video?

Answer:
A personal shopping agent that finds products, compares prices, handles checkout, and manages delivery with minimal human input.


9. How does human involvement differ between Generative and Agentic AI systems as described?

Answer:
Generative AI typically involves constant human input for prompting and refinement, while Agentic AI operates more autonomously, seeking input only when necessary.


10. What future trend is predicted for AI systems in the video?

Answer:
The most powerful systems will combine both generative and agentic capabilities—acting as intelligent collaborators that know when to generate and when to act.

Sunday, April 20, 2025

AI Evaluation Tools - Bridging Trust and Risk in Enterprise AI

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As enterprises race to deploy generative AI, a critical question emerges: How do we ensure these systems are reliable, ethical, and compliant? The answer lies in AI evaluation tools—software designed to audit AI outputs for accuracy, bias, and safety. But as adoption accelerates, these tools reveal a paradox: they’re both the solution to AI governance and a potential liability if misused.

Why Evaluation Tools Matter

AI systems are probabilistic, not deterministic. A chatbot might hallucinate facts, a coding assistant could introduce vulnerabilities, and a decision-making model might unknowingly perpetuate bias. For regulated industries like finance or healthcare, the stakes are existential.

Enter AI evaluation tools. These systems:

  • Track provenance: Map how an AI-generated answer was derived, from the initial prompt to data sources.

  • Measure correctness: Test outputs against ground-truth datasets to quantify accuracy (e.g., “93% correct, 2% hallucinations”).

  • Reduce risk: Flag unsafe or non-compliant responses before deployment.

As John, an AI governance expert, notes: “The new audit isn’t about code—it’s about proving your AI adheres to policies. Evaluations are the evidence.”


The Looming Pitfalls

Despite their promise, evaluation tools face three critical challenges:

  1. The Laziness Factor
    Just as developers often skip unit tests, teams might rely on AI to generate its own evaluations. Imagine asking ChatGPT to write tests for itself—a flawed feedback loop where the evaluator and subject are intertwined.

  2. Over-Reliance on “LLM-as-Judge”
    Many tools use large language models (LLMs) to assess other LLMs. But as one guest warns: “It’s like ‘Ask the Audience’ on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?—crowdsourcing guesses, not truths.” Without human oversight, automated evaluations risk becoming theater.

  3. The Volkswagen-Emissions Scenario
    What if companies game evaluations to pass audits? A malicious actor could prompt-engineer models to appear compliant while hiding flaws. This “AI greenwashing” could spark scandals akin to the diesel emissions crisis.


A Path Forward: Test-Driven AI Development

To avoid these traps, enterprises must treat AI like mission-critical software:

  • Adopt test-driven development (TDD) for AI:
    Define evaluation criteria before building models. One manufacturing giant mandated TDD for AI, recognizing that probabilistic systems demand stricter checks than traditional code.

  • Educate policy makers:
    Internal auditors and CISOs must understand AI risks. Tools alone aren’t enough—policies need teeth. Banks, for example, are adapting their “three lines of defense” frameworks to include AI governance.

  • Prioritize transparency:
    Use specialized evaluation models (not general-purpose LLMs) to audit outputs. Open-source tools like Great Expectations for data or Weights & Biases for model tracking can help.


The CEO Imperative

Unlike DevOps, AI governance is a C-suite issue. A single hallucination could tank a brand’s reputation or trigger regulatory fines. As John argues: “AI is a CEO discussion now. The stakes are too high to delegate.”


Conclusion: Trust, but Verify

AI evaluation tools are indispensable—but they’re not a silver bullet. Enterprises must balance automation with human judgment, rigor with agility. The future belongs to organizations that treat AI like a high-risk, high-reward asset: audited relentlessly, governed transparently, and deployed responsibly.

The alternative? A world where “AI compliance” becomes the next corporate scandal headline.


For leaders: Start small. Audit one AI use case today. Measure its accuracy, document its provenance, and stress-test its ethics. The road to trustworthy AI begins with a single evaluation.

Tags: Technology,Artificial Intelligence,Large Language Models,Generative AI,